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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on March 14, 2008
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwn035
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American Journal of Epidemiology © The Author 2008. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Original Contribution

Maternal Dietary Intake of Vitamin A and Risk of Orofacial Clefts: A Population-based Case-Control Study in Norway

Anne Marte W. Johansen1, Rolv T. Lie2, Allen J. Wilcox3, Lene F. Andersen1 and Christian A. Drevon1

1 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
2 Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
3 Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC

Correspondence to Anne Marte Wetting Johansen, Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, 0316 Oslo, Norway (e-mail: a.m.w.johansen{at}medisin.uio.no).

Received for publication October 16, 2007. Accepted for publication January 28, 2008.

A population-based case-control study was carried out in Norway between 1996 and 2001. The aim was to evaluate the association between maternal intake of vitamin A from diet and supplements and risk of having a baby with an orofacial cleft. Data on maternal dietary intake were available from 535 cases (188 with cleft palate only and 347 with cleft lip with or without cleft palate) and 693 controls. The adjusted odds ratio for isolated cleft palate only was 0.47 (95% confidence interval: 0.24, 0.94) when comparing the fourth and first quartiles of maternal intake of total vitamin A. In contrast, there was no appreciable association of total vitamin A with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate. An intake of vitamin A above the 95th percentile was associated with a lower estimated risk of all isolated clefts compared with the 40th–60th percentile (adjusted odds ratio = 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.20, 1.14). Maternal intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced risk of cleft palate only, and there is no evidence of increased risk of clefts among women in our study with the highest 5% of vitamin A intake.

case-control studies; cleft lip; cleft palate; diet; Norway; pregnancy; vitamin A

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio


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