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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on November 17, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwm311
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American Journal of Epidemiology © The Author 2007. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Original Contribution

Maternal Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Caffeine Consumption during Pregnancy in Relation to a Son's Risk of Persistent Cryptorchidism: A Prospective Study in the Child Health and Development Studies Cohort, 1959–1967

Morgana L. Mongraw-Chaffin, Barbara A. Cohn, Richard D. Cohen and Roberta E. Christianson

From the Child Health and Development Studies, Center for Research on Women's and Children's Health, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA

Correspondence to Dr. Barbara A. Cohn, Child Health and Development Studies, Center for Research on Women's and Children's Health, Public Health Institute, 1683 Shattuck Avenue, Suite B, Berkeley, CA 94709 (e-mail: bcohn{at}chdstudies.org).

Received for publication August 17, 2007. Accepted for publication September 21, 2007.

The Child Health and Development Studies is a ≥40-year follow-up of 20,754 pregnancies occurring between 1959 and 1967 in California. There were 84 cases of undescended testes at birth persisting to at least age 2 years among 7,574 liveborn sons whose mothers were interviewed in early pregnancy. Cases were matched to three controls on birth year and race. Compared with mothers of controls, mothers of cryptorchid boys consumed more caffeine during pregnancy (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.9 for an interquartile range equivalent to three cups of coffee per day) but were not more likely to smoke or drink alcohol when all behaviors were considered together. Other maternal and perinatal risk factors were not significantly associated with persistent cryptorchidism and did not confound the association with caffeine.

alcohol drinking; caffeine; cryptorchidism; pregnancy; prospective studies; risk factors; smoking

Abbreviations: CHDS, Child Health and Development Studies


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