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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on July 26, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwm170
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American Journal of Epidemiology © The Author 2007. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Original Contribution

Risk Factors for Renal Cell Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort

Veronica Wendy Setiawan1, Daniel O. Stram1, Abraham M. Y. Nomura2, Laurence N. Kolonel2 and Brian E. Henderson1

1 Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
2 Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI

Correspondence to Dr. V. Wendy Setiawan, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Room 4425, Los Angeles, CA 90033 (e-mail: vsetiawa{at}usc.edu).

Received for publication November 30, 2006. Accepted for publication May 9, 2007.

The association of body size, lifestyle, and medical conditions with renal cell cancer risk was examined among 161,126 Hawaii–Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort participants (1993–2002). After 8.3 years of follow-up, 347 renal cell cancer cases (220 men, 127 women) were identified. Renal cell cancer risk increased with increasing body mass index in men (multivariate relative risk (RR) = 1.06 per unit of body mass index, p = 0.001) and women (RR = 1.07, p < 0.0001). The relative risks associated with being obese compared with being lean were 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 2.58) for men and 2.27 (95% CI: 1.37, 3.74) for women. Hypertension was associated with renal cell cancer (RRmen = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.87; RRwomen = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.09, 2.28). Smoking was confirmed to be a risk factor for both sexes. Among women, diuretic use was associated with increased risk (RR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.57), whereas physical activity was associated with reduced risk (ptrend = 0.027). Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with risk for men (ptrend = 0.045). Compared with nondrinkers, men who drank ≥1 drinks/day had a 31% lower risk (95% CI: 0.49, 0.96). Results show that body mass index, smoking, and hypertension are risk factors for renal cell cancer in both sexes.

body mass index; body size; carcinoma, renal cell; cohort studies; diuretics; hypertension; risk factors; smoking

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; RCC, renal cell cancer; RR, relative risk


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