American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on July 11, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwm134
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Effects of Pre- and Postnatal Exposure to Parental Smoking on Early Childhood Respiratory Health
1 Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
2 Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Correspondence to Dr. Siri E. Håberg, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway (e-mail: siri.haberg{at}fhi.no).
Received for publication October 31, 2006. Accepted for publication March 21, 2007.
Compelling evidence suggests a causal relation between parental smoking during and after pregnancy and adverse effects on respiratory health in the offspring. The authors' aim in this study was to disentangle the effects of prenatal and postnatal smoking on early childhood respiratory health. Most parents who smoke during pregnancy continue to smoke postpartum, and it is difficult to identify sufficiently large subgroups of children who were exclusively exposed in utero or after birth. This study was based on the first 22,390 children born between 2000 and 2004 in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort, a pregnancy cohort designed to eventually include 100,000 pregnancies. Data were collected through detailed questionnaires administered at various stages of pregnancy, starting in early pregnancy. Because of the large study population, the authors were able to disentangle the pre- and postnatal effects of parental smoking on wheeze and lower respiratory tract infection in the children's first 18 months of life. They found maternal smoking in pregnancy to be an independent risk factor for wheeze and respiratory infection. Postnatal paternal smoking was also associated with these outcomes, independently of maternal smoking in pregnancy.
cohort studies; environmental exposure; pregnancy; respiratory sounds; respiratory tract infections; smoking; tobacco smoke pollution
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; LRTI, lower respiratory tract infection; MoBa, Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study
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