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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on September 18, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwj323
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American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright © 2006 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved; printed in U.S.A.
Received November 1, 2005
Accepted April 25, 2006

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Coffee and Sweetened Beverage Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nina P. Paynter 1, Hsin-Chieh Yeh 1, Sari Voutilainen 2, Maria Ines Schmidt 3, Gerardo Heiss 4, Aaron R. Folsom 5, Frederick L. Brancati 6, and W. H. Linda Kao 1 *

1 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
2 Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
3 Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
4 Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
5 Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
6 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
W. H. Linda Kao, E-mail: wkao{at}jhsph.edu


  Abstract

The authors analyzed data from a prospective, community-based cohort to assess the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus associated with coffee and sweetened beverage consumption. They included 12,204 nondiabetic, middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (1987-1999). Consumption of each beverage was assessed by food frequency questionnaire and classified into categories of cups per day. They found an inverse association, after adjusting for potential confounders, between increased coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men (for ≥4 cups (≥0.95 liter)/day compared with almost never: hazard ratio = 0.77, ptrend = 0.02) with no significant association in women (hazard ratio = 0.89, ptrend = 0.32) using a combination of self-report of physician-diagnosed diabetes, diabetes treatment, and a fasting or nonfasting blood glucose test. When self-reported diabetes or diabetes treatment alone was used, a stronger and significant inverse association was seen in men and women. Sweetened beverage consumption (men: hazard ratio = 1.03, ptrend = 0.94; women: hazard ratio = 1.01, ptrend = 0.58) showed no consistent association with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In summary, increased coffee consumption was significantly associated with a decreased risk of diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in community-based US adults.

Keywords: beverages; coffee; cohort studies; diabetes mellitus, type 2.
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