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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on May 26, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwj187
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American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright © 2006 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved; printed in U.S.A.
Received October 24, 2005
Accepted January 20, 2006

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Association between Personal Use of Hair Dyes and Lymphoid Neoplasms in Europe

Silvia de Sanjosé 1 *, Yolanda Benavente 1, Alexandra Nieters 2, Lenka Foretova 3, Marc Maynadié 4, Pier Luigi Cocco 5, Anthony Staines 6, Martine Vornanen 7, Paolo Boffetta 8, Nikolaus Becker 2, Tomas Alvaro 9, and Paul Brennan 8

1 Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
2 German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
3 Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
4 Registre des Hémopathies Malignes de Côte d'Or, Dijon, France
5 Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
6 School of Public Health and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
7 Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
8 International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
9 Department of Pathology, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa, Spain

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Silvia de Sanjosé, E-mail: s.sanjose{at}iconcologia.net


  Abstract

Hair dyes have been evaluated as possibly being mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals. Studies of the association between human cancer risk and use of hair dyes have yielded inconsistent results. The authors evaluated the risk of lymphoid malignancies associated with personal use of hair dyes. The analysis included 2,302 incident cases of lymphoid neoplasms and 2,417 hospital- or population-based controls from the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Spain (1998-2003). Use of hair dyes was reported by 74% of women and 7% of men. Lymphoma risk among dye users was significantly increased by 19% in comparison with never use (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.41) and by 26% among persons who used hair dyes 12 or more times per year (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.60; p for linear trend = 0.414). Lymphoma risk was significantly higher among persons who had started coloring their hair before 1980 (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.72) and persons who had used hair dyes only before 1980 (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.40). Personal use of hair dyes is associated with a moderate increase in lymphoma risk, particularly among women and persons who used dyes before 1980. Specific compounds associated with this risk remain to be elucidated.

Keywords: carcinogens; case-control studies; hair dyes; lymphatic system; neoplasms; odds ratio.
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