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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on April 5, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwj143
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American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright © 2006 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved; printed in U.S.A.
Received August 19, 2005
Accepted January 6, 2006

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Parental Smoking and the Risk of Childhood Leukemia

Jeffrey S. Chang 1 *, Steve Selvin 1, Catherine Metayer 1, Vonda Crouse 2, Amanda Golembesky 3, and Patricia A. Buffler 1

1 School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
2 Children's Hospital Central California, Madera, CA
3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Jeffrey S. Chang, E-mail: jeffreyc{at}berkeley.edu


  Abstract

Cigarette smoke has been linked to adult myeloid leukemia; however, the association between parental smoking and childhood leukemia remains unclear. Parental smoking and the risk of childhood leukemia were examined in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study, a case-control study, between 1995 and 2002. The present analysis included 327 acute childhood leukemia cases (281 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 46 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) and 416 controls matched on age, sex, maternal race, and Hispanic ethnicity. Maternal smoking was not associated with an increased risk of either ALL or AML. Paternal preconception smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of AML (odds ratio = 3.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 14.17); an increased risk for ALL was suggestive for paternal preconception smoking (odds ratio = 1.32, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 2.04). Greater risks of ALL were observed compared with the risk associated with paternal preconception smoking alone, when paternal preconception smoking was combined with maternal postnatal smoking (pinteraction = 0.004) or postnatal passive smoking exposure (pinteraction = 0.004). These results strongly suggest that exposure to paternal preconception smoking alone or in combination with postnatal passive smoking may be important in the risk of childhood leukemia.

Keywords: case-control studies; child; leukemia; smoking.
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