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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on January 18, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwj076
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American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright © 2006 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved; printed in U.S.A.
Received July 21, 2005
Accepted November 2, 2005

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Association of Educational Level with Inflammatory Markers in the Framingham Offspring Study

Eric B. Loucks 1 *, Lisa M. Sullivan 2, Laura J. Hayes 2, Ralph B. D'Agostino Sr. 3, Martin G. Larson 4, Ramachandran S. Vasan 5, Emelia J. Benjamin 6, and Lisa F. Berkman 1

1 Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
2 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA
3 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, Boston, MA; The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
4 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA; Department of Mathematics, Boston University, Boston, MA
5 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA; Department of Neurology, Boston University, Boston, MA
6 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA; Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Eric B. Loucks, E-mail: eloucks{at}hsph.harvard.edu


  Abstract

Socioeconomic position consistently predicts coronary heart disease; however, the biologic mechanisms that may mediate this association are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine whether socioeconomic position (measured as educational level) is associated with inflammatory risk factors for coronary heart disease, including C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and P-selectin. The study sample included 2,729 participants (53.4% women; mean age, 62 ± 10 years) from the US Framingham Offspring Study cohort who attended examination cycles 3 (1984-1987) and 7 (1998-2001) and provided educational attainment data. Inflammatory markers were measured in fasting serum samples. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed, adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, and clinical risk factors. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, educational attainment was significantly inversely associated with C-reactive protein (p < 0.0001), interleukin-6 (p < 0.0001), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p < 0.0001), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.0004). After further adjustment for clinical risk factors, educational level remained significantly associated with C-reactive protein (p = 0.0002), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (p = 0.01), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p = 0.01). In conclusion, educational attainment is associated with inflammatory risk factors for coronary heart disease. The association provides evidence suggestive of a biologic pathway by which socioeconomic position may predispose to coronary heart disease.

Keywords: cohort studies; inflammation; risk factors; social class.

Drs. Benjamin and Berkman contributed equally to preparation of this manuscript.


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