American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on January 4, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwj058
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1 Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Smoking has been found to be associated with depression. Biologic hypotheses support causation in both directions. This study examined the association between cigarette smoking and a subsequent first depression. In 1990, 2,014 adults in Norway were interviewed about their lifestyle and mental health. A 2001 reinterview by trained interviewers defined the study cohort of 1,190 participants. The cases were those who experienced a first depression whose onset was estimated to occur during the follow-up period, based on retrospective assessment by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision). Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard rate of depression during follow-up. Alternative explanations for a direct causal influence from smoking on subsequent depression were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The risk of depression was four times as high for heavy smokers compared with never smokers. A dose-response relation with an increasing hazard for past smokers and for an increasing number of cigarettes smoked per day for current smokers was found. Similarly, increasing smoking time was associated with increasing risk. Failure of other plausible alternatives to explain the observed association between smoking and depression might reflect a direct causal influence of smoking on depression.
Received March 11, 2005
Accepted September 23, 2005
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS
Cigarette Smoking and Incidence of First Depressive Episode: An 11-Year, Population-based Follow-up Study
Ole Klungsøyr 1 *,
Jan F. Nygård 2,
Tom Sørensen 3,
and
Inger Sandanger 4
2 Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
3 Institute Group of Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
4 Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, Quality Evaluation Department, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ole Klungsøyr, E-mail: ole.klungsoyr{at}medisin.uio.no
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C. M. Ross RE: "CIGARETTE SMOKING AND INCIDENCE OF FIRST DEPRESSIVE EPISODE: AN 11-YEAR, POPULATION-BASED FOLLOW-UP STUDY" Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2006; 164(9): 917 - 918. [Full Text] [PDF]
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