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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on August 2, 2005
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwi219
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American Journal of Epidemiology Copyright © 2005 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health All rights reserved
Received October 20, 2004
Accepted December 22, 2004

Article

Effect of Smoking on Depressive Symptomatology: A Reexamination of Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Brian Duncan 1 and Daniel I. Rees 1*

1 From the Department of Economics, University of Colorado, Denver, CO

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Daniel I. Rees, E-mail: drees{at}carbon.cudenver.edu


  Abstract

Using 1995-1996 data from the first two waves of the National Longitudinal Adolescent Health Study, the authors found that respondents who smoked cigarettes scored, on average, three points higher than did nonsmokers on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. This gap persists even after accounting for observable factors, such as personal and parental characteristics. In contrast, controlling for the influence of unobservable factors potentially correlated with smoking behavior and depression produces smaller estimates. For instance, estimates from a linear regression model augmented with fixed effects suggest that the average male smoker would score 0.84 points higher on the CES-D Scale (95% confidence interval: 0.44, 1.25) than his nonsmoking counterpart; the average female smoker is predicted to score 1.25 points higher on the CES-D Scale (95% confidence interval: 0.75, 1.75) than her nonsmoking counterpart. The authors conclude that, for the average adolescent, the association between smoking and the symptoms of depression can in large part be attributed to the influence of unobservable factors.

Keywords: adolescent; depression; health; smoking.
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