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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on March 18, 2009
American Journal of Epidemiology 2009 169(9):1052-1063; doi:10.1093/aje/kwp023
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American Journal of Epidemiology © The Author 2009. Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Sleep Duration in the United States: A Cross-sectional Population-based Study

Patrick M. Krueger and Elliot M. Friedman

Correspondence to Dr. Patrick M. Krueger, School of Public Health, University of Texas, 1200 Herman Pressler Street, RAS E907, Houston, TX 77030 (e-mail: patrick.m.krueger{at}uth.tmc.edu).

Received for publication May 2, 2008. Accepted for publication January 20, 2009.

Sleep duration is associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors, depression, automobile and workplace accidents, and prospective mortality. Little is known, however, about sleep patterns in the US population. The 2004–2007 National Health Interview Survey-Sample Adult Files provide nationally representative data for 110,441 noninstitutionalized US adults aged 18 years or older, and multinomial logistic regression examines whether variables in 5 domains—demographic, family structure, socioeconomic, health behavior, and health status—are associated with long or short sleep duration. Being older, non-Hispanic black, or a current or former smoker; having low levels of education, income, or few income sources; consuming few or numerous drinks in a week; or reporting cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, underweight, or activity limitations is associated with increased odds of both long and short sleep duration. Other variables are associated with shorter (e.g., living with young children, being unmarried, working long hours, more frequent binge drinking) or longer (e.g., being younger, Mexican American, pregnant, or having low levels of physical activity) sleep hours. The authors identify numerous risk factors for long and short sleep; many of those variables are potential confounders of the relation between sleep hours and other health outcomes.

family; health behavior; health status disparities; life style; sleep; social class

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NHIS-SAF, National Health Interview Survey-Sample Adult Files


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