American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on November 26, 2008
American Journal of Epidemiology 2009 169(3):339-346; doi:10.1093/aje/kwn335
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
The Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Hypertension
The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study
Correspondence to Prof. Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Medical School–Clinica Universitaria, University of Navarra, c/Irunlarrea, 1 Ed. Investigacion, 31008 Pamplona (Navarra), Spain (e-mail: mamartinez{at}unav.es).
Received for publication July 8, 2008. Accepted for publication September 18, 2008.
The Mediterranean diet is receiving increasing attention in cardiovascular epidemiology. The association of adherence to the Mediterranean diet with the incidence of hypertension was evaluated among 9,408 men and women enrolled in a dynamic Spanish prospective cohort study during 1999–2005. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline with a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and a 9-point Mediterranean diet score was constructed. During a median follow-up period of 4.2 years (range, 1.9–7.9), 501 incident cases of hypertension were identified. After adjustment for major hypertension risk factors and nutritional covariates, adherence to the Mediterranean diet was not associated with hypertension (the hazard ratio was 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.81, 1.41) for moderate adherence and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.60) for high adherence). However, it was associated with reduced changes in mean levels of systolic blood pressure (moderate adherence, –2.4 mm Hg (95% CI: –4.0, –0.8); high adherence, –3.1 mm Hg (95% CI: –5.4, –0.8)) and diastolic blood pressure (moderate adherence, –1.3 mm Hg (95% CI: –2.5, –0.1); high adherence, –1.9 mm Hg (95% CI: –3.6, –0.1)) after 6 years of follow-up. These results suggest that adhering to a Mediterranean-type diet could contribute to the prevention of age-related changes in blood pressure.
blood pressure; dairy products; diet; diet, Mediterranean; food; hypertension; longitudinal studies
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid(s); PREDIMED, Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid(s); SFA, saturated fatty acid(s); SUN, Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra
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