Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160:131-140.
Copyright © 2004 by the Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Factors Affecting Menstrual Cycle Characteristics
1 Center for Family Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
2 Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
3 Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of California, Davis, CA.
4 Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
This 1989–1991 study in California and Utah used daily urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone and computer algorithms to assess ovulatory status and day of ovulation. The authors examined the associations of risk factors with menstrual cycle characteristics for 309 working women aged 20–44 years who collected a median of five cycles each of daily urine samples. Linear mixed models were used to assess continuous menstrual outcomes. Compared with women less than age 35 years, women aged 35 years or older had a significantly decreased (–0.94 days, 95% confidence interval: –1.83, –0.05) adjusted mean cycle length. Age modified the effects of smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, and alcohol consumption on mean follicular phase length. Asian women had a significantly longer (1.65 days, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 2.76) adjusted mean cycle length compared with Caucasian women. Compared with women who did not consume alcoholic drinks, women who did had a significantly shorter (–1.26 days, 95% confidence interval: –2.21, –0.31) adjusted mean cycle length. Mean cycle and phase lengths were significantly associated with length of the prior luteal phase. These results indicate that potentially modifiable risk factors, as well as immutable host factors, are associated with menstrual cycle characteristics that may in turn be related to subsequent disease risk.
follicular phase; hormones; life style; linear models, statistical; luteal phase; menstrual cycle; urine
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone.
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