American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 138, No. 11: 923-936
Copyright © 1993 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
review-article |
Simulation Study of Confounder-Selection Strategies
1Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN
2Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health Los Angeles, CA
Correspondence to Dr. George Maldonado, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, Box 807, Minneapolis, MN 55455
In the absence of prior knowledge about population relations, investigators frequently employ a strategy that uses the data to help them decide whether to adjust for a variable. The authors compared the performance of several such strategies for fitting multiplicative Poisson regression models to cohort data: 1) the "change-in-estimate" strategy, in which a variable is controlled if the adjusted and unadjusted estimates differ by some important amount; 2) the "significance-test-of-the-covariate" strategy, in which a variable is controlled if its coefficient is significantly different from zero at some predetermined significance level; 3) the "significance-test-of-the-difference" strategy, which tests the difference between the adjusted and unadjusted exposure coefficients; 4) the "equiva-lence-test-of-the-difference" strategy, which significance-tests the equivalence of the adjusted and unadjusted exposure coefficients; and 5) a hybrid strategy that takes a weighted average of adjusted and unadjusted estimates. Data were generated from 8,100 population structures at each of several sample sizes. The performance of the different strategies was evaluated by computing bias, mean squared error, and coverage rates of confidence intervals. At least one variation of each strategy that was examined performed acceptably. The change-in-estimate and equivalence-test-of-the-difference strategies performed best when the cut-point for deciding whether crude and adjusted estimates differed by an important amount was set to a low value (10%). The significance test strategies performed best when the alpha level was set to much higher than conventional levels (0.20).
confounding factors (epidemiology); epidemiologic methods; models, statistical; logistic models; regression analysis; relative risk
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. D. Christie, C. V. Shah, S. M. Kawut, N. Mangalmurti, D. J. Lederer, J. R. Sonett, V. N. Ahya, S. M. Palmer, K. Wille, V. Lama, et al. Plasma Levels of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products, Blood Transfusion, and Risk of Primary Graft Dysfunction Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 15, 2009; 180(10): 1010 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. W. Platt, E. F. Schisterman, and S. R. Cole Time-modified Confounding Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2009; 170(6): 687 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Protopopescu, F. Raffi, P. Roux, J. Reynes, P. Dellamonica, B. Spire, C. Leport, M.-P. Carrieri, and on behalf of the ANRS CO8 (APROCO-COPILOTE) Study Factors associated with non-adherence to long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 10 year follow-up analysis with correction for the bias induced by missing data J. Antimicrob. Chemother., September 1, 2009; 64(3): 599 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M A Busch, C Coshall, P U Heuschmann, C McKevitt, and C D A Wolfe Sociodemographic differences in return to work after stroke: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 2009; 80(8): 888 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. N. Turner, W. C Miller, N. S Padian, J. S Kaufman, F. M Behets, T. Chipato, F. A Mmiro, R. A Salata, and C. S Morrison Unprotected sex following HIV testing among women in Uganda and Zimbabwe: short- and long-term comparisons with pre-test behaviour Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2009; 38(4): 997 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. M. Thiebaut, L. Jiao, D. T. Silverman, A. J. Cross, F. E. Thompson, A. F. Subar, A. R. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, and R. Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon Dietary Fatty Acids and Pancreatic Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study J Natl Cancer Inst, July 15, 2009; 101(14): 1001 - 1011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Imamura, P. F Jacques, D. M Herrington, G. E Dallal, and A. H Lichtenstein Adherence to 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in women with established coronary artery disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2009; 90(1): 193 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Eek and P.-O. Ostergren Factors associated with BMI change over five years in a Swedish adult population. Results from the Scania Public Health Cohort Study Scand J Public Health, July 1, 2009; 37(5): 532 - 544. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-Y. Weng, Y.-H. Hsueh, L. L. McV. Messam, and I. Hertz-Picciotto Methods of Covariate Selection: Directed Acyclic Graphs and the Change-in-Estimate Procedure Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2009; 169(10): 1182 - 1190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Yumino, H Wang, J S Floras, G E Newton, S Mak, P Ruttanaumpawan, J D Parker, and T D Bradley Relationship between sleep apnoea and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart failure Heart, May 1, 2009; 95(10): 819 - 824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Lunt, D. Solomon, K. Rothman, R. Glynn, K. Hyrich, D. P. M. Symmons, T. Sturmer, and the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Reg Different Methods of Balancing Covariates Leading to Different Effect Estimates in the Presence of Effect Modification Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2009; 169(7): 909 - 917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. G. Jacobson, T. C. Smith, B. Smith, P. K. Keel, P. J. Amoroso, T. S. Wells, G. P. Bathalon, E. J. Boyko, M. A. K. Ryan, and for the Millennium Cohort Study Team Disordered Eating and Weight Changes After Deployment: Longitudinal Assessment of a Large US Military Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2009; 169(4): 415 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Powell, J. L. Davis, A. M. Morris, A. Chi, M. R. Bensley, and L. Huang Survival for Patients With HIV Admitted to the ICU Continues to Improve in the Current Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Chest, January 1, 2009; 135(1): 11 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Whooley, P. de Jonge, E. Vittinghoff, C. Otte, R. Moos, R. M. Carney, S. Ali, S. Dowray, B. Na, M. D. Feldman, et al. Depressive Symptoms, Health Behaviors, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease JAMA, November 26, 2008; 300(20): 2379 - 2388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cotterchio, B. A. Boucher, M. Manno, S. Gallinger, A. B. Okey, and P. A. Harper Red Meat Intake, Doneness, Polymorphisms in Genes that Encode Carcinogen-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Colorectal Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2008; 17(11): 3098 - 3107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. DeMichele, A. B. Troxel, J. A. Berlin, A. L. Weber, G. R. Bunin, E. Turzo, R. Schinnar, D. Burgh, M. Berlin, S. C. Rubin, et al. Impact of Raloxifene or Tamoxifen Use on Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2008; 26(25): 4151 - 4159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. G. Jacobson, M. A. K. Ryan, T. I. Hooper, T. C. Smith, P. J. Amoroso, E. J. Boyko, G. D. Gackstetter, T. S. Wells, and N. S. Bell Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems Before and After Military Combat Deployment JAMA, August 13, 2008; 300(6): 663 - 675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Wood, R. S. Hogg, V. D. Lima, T. Kerr, B. Yip, B. D. L. Marshall, and J. S. G. Montaner Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Survival in HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users JAMA, August 6, 2008; 300(5): 550 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chevrier, B. Eskenazi, N. Holland, A. Bradman, and D. B. Barr Effects of Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides on Thyroid Function during Pregnancy Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2008; 168(3): 298 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Maldonado Adjusting a relative-risk estimate for study imperfections J Epidemiol Community Health, July 1, 2008; 62(7): 655 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Karaolis-Danckert, A. E Buyken, M. Kulig, A. Kroke, J. Forster, W. Kamin, A. Schuster, C. Hornberg, T. Keil, R. L Bergmann, et al. How pre- and postnatal risk factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy and early childhood on subsequent fat mass development: results from the Multicenter Allergy Study 90 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1356 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Matijasevich, C. G. Victora, A. J.D. Barros, I. S. Santos, P. L. Marco, E. P. Albernaz, and F. C. Barros Widening Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality in Southern Brazil: Comparison of 3 Birth Cohorts Am J Public Health, April 1, 2008; 98(4): 692 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Greenland Invited Commentary: Variable Selection versus Shrinkage in the Control of Multiple Confounders Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2008; 167(5): 523 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hoffmann, T. Pischon, M. Schulz, M. B. Schulze, J. Ray, and H. Boeing A Statistical Test for the Equality of Differently Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratios Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2008; 167(5): 517 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Palma, R Perez-Iglesias, D Prieto, R Pardo, J Llorca, and M Delgado-Rodriguez Iron but not folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of low birthweight in pregnant women without anaemia: a case control study J Epidemiol Community Health, February 1, 2008; 62(2): 120 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Li, K. E. Malone, J. R. Daling, J. D. Potter, L. Bernstein, P. A. Marchbanks, B. L. Strom, M. S. Simon, M. F. Press, G. Ursin, et al. Timing of Menarche and First Full-Term Birth in Relation to Breast Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2008; 167(2): 230 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Karaolis-Danckert, A. L. Gunther, A. Kroke, C. Hornberg, and A. E Buyken How early dietary factors modify the effect of rapid weight gain in infancy on subsequent body-composition development in term children whose birth weight was appropriate for gestational age Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2007; 86(6): 1700 - 1708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lipsky and R. Caetano The Role of Race/Ethnicity in the Relationship Between Emergency Department Use and Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health Am J Public Health, December 1, 2007; 97(12): 2246 - 2252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. R. Brunner Huber and J. L. Toth Obesity and Oral Contraceptive Failure: Findings from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2007; 166(11): 1306 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. G. Detjen, F. J. Nieto, A. Trentham-Dietz, M. Fleming, and L. Chasan-Taber Acculturation and Cigarette Smoking Among Pregnant Hispanic Women Residing in the United States Am J Public Health, November 1, 2007; 97(11): 2040 - 2047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Vandenbroucke, E. v. Elm, D. G. Altman, P. C. Gotzsche, C. D. Mulrow, S. J. Pocock, C. Poole, J. J. Schlesselman, M. Egger, and for the STROBE initiative Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration Ann Intern Med, October 16, 2007; 147(8): W-163 - W-194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. R. Abrahams, S. A. Kelly, S. Payne, P. N. Thiessen, J. Mackintosh, and P. A. Janssen Rooming-in compared with standard care for newborns of mothers using methadone or heroin Can Fam Physician, October 1, 2007; 53(10): 1722 - 1730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. W. Thompson, C. Price, B. Goodson, D. K. Shay, P. Benson, V. L. Hinrichsen, E. Lewis, E. Eriksen, P. Ray, S. M. Marcy, et al. Early Thimerosal Exposure and Neuropsychological Outcomes at 7 to 10 Years N. Engl. J. Med., September 27, 2007; 357(13): 1281 - 1292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. T. Campbell, M. Cotterchio, E. Dicks, P. Parfrey, S. Gallinger, and J. R. McLaughlin Excess Body Weight and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Canada: Associations in Subgroups of Clinically Defined Familial Risk of Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2007; 16(9): 1735 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Palma, R. Pardo-Crespo, M. Mariscal, R. Perez-Iglesias, J. Llorca, and M. Delgado-Rodriguez Weekday but not weekend alcohol consumption before pregnancy influences alcohol cessation during pregnancy Eur J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 17(4): 394 - 399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. D. Cox, M. A. Smith, and R. L. Brown Evaluating Deliberation in Pediatric Primary Care Pediatrics, July 1, 2007; 120(1): e68 - e77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Arzt, J. S. Floras, A. G. Logan, R. J. Kimoff, F. Series, D. Morrison, K. Ferguson, I. Belenkie, M. Pfeifer, J. Fleetham, et al. Suppression of Central Sleep Apnea by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and Transplant-Free Survival in Heart Failure: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients With Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP) Circulation, June 26, 2007; 115(25): 3173 - 3180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Ramlau-Hansen, A. M. Thulstrup, L. Storgaard, G. Toft, J. Olsen, and J. P. Bonde Is Prenatal Exposure to Tobacco Smoking a Cause of Poor Semen Quality? A Follow-up Study Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2007; 165(12): 1372 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Lipsky and R. Caetano Impact of Intimate Partner Violence on Unmet Need for Mental Health Care: Results From the NSDUH Psychiatr Serv, June 1, 2007; 58(6): 822 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Polanczyk, M. S. de Lima, B. L. Horta, J. Biederman, and L. A. Rohde The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis Am J Psychiatry, June 1, 2007; 164(6): 942 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.H. Ramlau-Hansen, A.M. Thulstrup, E.A. Nohr, J.P. Bonde, T.I.A. Sorensen, and J. Olsen Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2007; 22(6): 1634 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Johnson, L. G. Spector, M. A. Klebanoff, and J. A. Ross Childhood Cancer and Birthmarks in the Collaborative Perinatal Project Pediatrics, May 1, 2007; 119(5): e1088 - e1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Wang, J. D. Parker, G. E. Newton, J. S. Floras, S. Mak, K.-L. Chiu, P. Ruttanaumpawan, G. Tomlinson, and T. D. Bradley Influence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 17, 2007; 49(15): 1625 - 1631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A Beydoun, J. S Kaufman, J. A Satia, W. Rosamond, and A. R Folsom Plasma n-3 fatty acids and the risk of cognitive decline in older adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 1103 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Chaves, P. Gargiullo, J. X. Zhang, R. Civen, D. Guris, L. Mascola, and J. F. Seward Loss of Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Varicella over Time N. Engl. J. Med., March 15, 2007; 356(11): 1121 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C.-H. Chiu, B. J. Dave, A. Blair, S. M. Gapstur, J. S. Chmiel, A. J. Fought, S. H. Zahm, and D. D. Weisenburger Cigarette Smoking, Familial Hematopoietic Cancer, Hair Dye Use, and Risk of t(14;18)-defined Subtypes of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2007; 165(6): 652 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Greenland Bayesian perspectives for epidemiological research. II. Regression analysis Int. J. Epidemiol., February 28, 2007; (2007) dyl289v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. N. Jones, F. M. Yang, Y. Zhang, D. K. Kiely, E. R. Marcantonio, and S. K. Inouye Does Educational Attainment Contribute to Risk for Delirium? A Potential Role for Cognitive Reserve J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2006; 61(12): 1307 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cotterchio, B. A. Boucher, M. Manno, S. Gallinger, A. Okey, and P. Harper Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake Is Associated with Reduced Colorectal Cancer Risk J. Nutr., December 1, 2006; 136(12): 3046 - 3053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. L. Strom, R. Schinnar, A. L. Weber, G. Bunin, J. A. Berlin, M. Baumgarten, A. DeMichele, S. C. Rubin, M. Berlin, A. B. Troxel, et al. Case-Control Study of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Endometrial Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2006; 164(8): 775 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Williams, M. E. Tinetti, S. V. Kasl, and P. N. Peduzzi The Role of Pain in the Recovery of Instrumental and Social Functioning After Hip Fracture J Aging Health, October 1, 2006; 18(5): 743 - 762. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Robinson, M. M. Joffe, R. L. Pisoni, F. K. Port, and H. I. Feldman Revisiting Survival Differences by Race and Ethnicity among Hemodialysis Patients: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2006; 17(10): 2910 - 2918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. C.-H. Chiu, B. J. Dave, A. Blair, S. M. Gapstur, S. H. Zahm, and D. D. Weisenburger Agricultural pesticide use and risk of t(14;18)-defined subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma Blood, August 15, 2006; 108(4): 1363 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M A Smith, E D Cox, and J M Bartell Overprescribing of lipid lowering agents. Qual. Saf. Health Care, August 1, 2006; 15(4): 251 - 257. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Temple, M. L. Russell, L. L. Parsons, S. M. Huber, C. A. Jones., J. Bankes, and M. Eliasziw Conservation Surgery for Breast Cancer As the Preferred Choice: A Prospective Analysis J. Clin. Oncol., July 20, 2006; 24(21): 3367 - 3373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. S. Roudsari, G. H. Utter, M. A. Kernic, and B. A. Mueller Risk of early childhood injuries in twins and singletons Journal of Early Childhood Research, June 1, 2006; 4(2): 121 - 131. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Maynard, D. Gunnell, A. R. Ness, L. Abraham, C. J. Bates, and D. Blane What influences diet in early old age? Prospective and cross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort Eur J Public Health, June 1, 2006; 16(3): 315 - 323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Li, J. R. Daling, K. E. Malone, L. Bernstein, P. A. Marchbanks, J. M. Liff, B. L. Strom, M. S. Simon, M. F. Press, J. A. McDonald, et al. Relationship between Established Breast Cancer Risk Factors and Risk of Seven Different Histologic Types of Invasive Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 946 - 954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. W. Freeman, M. D. Sammel, H. Lin, and D. B. Nelson Associations of hormones and menopausal status with depressed mood in women with no history of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 63(4): 375 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. McGwin Jr, K. Modjarrad, T. A. Hall, A. Xie, and C. Owsley 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors and the Presence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 2006; 124(1): 33 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. McGwin Jr, A. Xie, A. Mays, W. Joiner, D. K. DeCarlo, T. A. Hall, and C. Owsley Visual Field Defects and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Collisions among Patients with Glaucoma Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 4437 - 4441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Spano, G. Toft, L. Hagmar, P. Eleuteri, M. Rescia, A. Rignell-Hydbom, E. Tyrkiel, V. Zvyezday, J.P. Bonde, and INUENDO Exposure to PCB and p, p'-DDE in European and Inuit populations: impact on human sperm chromatin integrity Hum. Reprod., December 1, 2005; 20(12): 3488 - 3499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Chang, K. E. Smedby, H. Hjalgrim, C. Schollkopf, A. Porwit-MacDonald, C. Sundstrom, E. Tani, F. d'Amore, M. Melbye, H.-O. Adami, et al. Medication Use and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2005; 162(10): 965 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Gracia, M. D. Sammel, C. Coutifaris, D. S. Guzick, and K. T. Barnhart Occupational Exposures and Male Infertility Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2005; 162(8): 729 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O Wazni, D O Martin, N F Marrouche, M Shaaraoui, M K Chung, S Almahameed, R A Schweikert, W I Saliba, and A Natale C reactive protein concentration and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion Heart, October 1, 2005; 91(10): 1303 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. D. Cox, M. A. Smith, and J. M. Bartell Managing Febrile Infants: Impact of Literature Recommendations Published During a Physician's Residency Eval Health Prof, September 1, 2005; 28(3): 328 - 348. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Kernic, D. J. Monary-Ernsdorff, J. K. Koepsell, and V. L. Holt Children in the Crossfire: Child Custody Determinations Among Couples With a History of Intimate Partner Violence Violence Against Women, August 1, 2005; 11(8): 991 - 1021. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R McNamee Regression modelling and other methods to control confounding Occup. Environ. Med., July 1, 2005; 62(7): 500 - 506. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Kreider, J. D. Christie, B. Thompson, L. Newman, C. Rose, J. Barnard, E. Bresnitz, M. A. Judson, D. T. Lackland, M. D. Rossman, et al. Relationship of Environmental Exposures to the Clinical Phenotype of Sarcoidosis Chest, July 1, 2005; 128(1): 207 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sturmer, S. Schneeweiss, M. A. Brookhart, K. J. Rothman, J. Avorn, and R. J. Glynn Analytic Strategies to Adjust Confounding using Exposure Propensity Scores and Disease Risk Scores: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Short-term Mortality in the Elderly Am. J. Epidemiol., May 1, 2005; 161(9): 891 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Shapiro-Mendoza, B. J Selwyn, D. P Smith, and M. Sanderson Parental pregnancy intention and early childhood stunting: findings from Bolivia Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 34(2): 387 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L. Holt, K. L. Cushing-Haugen, and J. R. Daling Risk of Functional Ovarian Cyst: Effects of Smoking and Marijuana Use according to Body Mass Index Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2005; 161(6): 520 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Spector, Y. Xie, L. L. Robison, N. A. Heerema, J. M. Hilden, B. Lange, C. A. Felix, S. M. Davies, J. Slavin, J. D. Potter, et al. Maternal Diet and Infant Leukemia: The DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Hypothesis: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 651 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Chang, H. Hjalgrim, K. E. Smedby, M. Akerman, E. Tani, H. E. Johnsen, B. Glimelius, H.-O. Adami, and M. Melbye Body Mass Index and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Scandinavian Men and Women J Natl Cancer Inst, February 2, 2005; 97(3): 210 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Chang, K. Ekstrom Smedby, S. M. Zhang, H. Hjalgrim, M. Melbye, A. Ost, B. Glimelius, A. Wolk, and H.-O. Adami Dietary Factors and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2005; 14(2): 512 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B. Carr, K. M. Utzschneider, E. J. Boyko, P. J. Asberry, R. L. Hull, K. Kodama, H. S. Callahan, C. C. Matthys, D. L. Leonetti, R. S. Schwartz, et al. A Reduced-Fat Diet and Aerobic Exercise in Japanese Americans With Impaired Glucose Tolerance Decreases Intra-Abdominal Fat and Improves Insulin Sensitivity but not {beta}-Cell Function Diabetes, February 1, 2005; 54(2): 340 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Dole, D. A. Savitz, A. M. Siega-Riz, I. Hertz-Picciotto, M. J. McMahon, and P. Buekens Psychosocial Factors and Preterm Birth Among African American and White Women in Central North Carolina Am J Public Health, August 1, 2004; 94(8): 1358 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Dominici, D. Spiegelman, and S. R. Cole Methodological Contributions to the American Journal of Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2004; 160(3): 197 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Kaerlev, L. B. Jacobsen, J. Olsen, and J. P. Bonde Long-term sick leave and its risk factors during pregnancy among Danish hospital employees Scand J Public Health, March 1, 2004; 32(2): 111 - 117. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Siegel, A. B. Albers, D. M. Cheng, L. Biener, and N. A. Rigotti Effect of Local Restaurant Smoking Regulations on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Among Youths Am J Public Health, February 1, 2004; 94(2): 321 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. DeStefano, T. K. Bhasin, W. W. Thompson, M. Yeargin-Allsopp, and C. Boyle Age at First Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination in Children With Autism and School-Matched Control Subjects: A Population-Based Study in Metropolitan Atlanta Pediatrics, February 1, 2004; 113(2): 259 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|