American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 127, No. 2: 283-296
Copyright © 1988 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
THE RELATION OF DIET, CIGARETTE SMOKING, AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION TO PLASMA BETA-CAROTENE AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL LEVELS
1Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA
2The Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA
3Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Cincinnati Medical School Cincinnati, OH
4Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA
The relation of diet and nutritional supplements, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, and blood lipids to plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol was studied among 330 men and women aged 18–79 years. Dietary carotene, preformed vitamin A, and vitamin E intake were estimated by a self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The correlation of dietary carotene with plasma beta-carotene was reduced in smokers compared with non-smokers (r = 0.02 vs. 0.44 among men; r = 0.19 vs. 0.45 among women). Smokers had much lower plasma levels of beta-carotene than did nonsmokers (geometric mean 8.5 vs. 15.3 µg/dl for men; 17.3 vs. 26.3 µg/dl for women) despite only slightly lower Intakes of carotenoids. In multiple regression analyses, men who smoked one pack per day had 72% (95% confidence interval (Cl) 58–89) of the plasma beta-carotene levels of nonsmokers after accounting for dietary carotene and other variables; for women, the corresponding percentage was 79% (Cl 64–99). In similar models, men drinking 20 g of alcohol per day had 76% (Cl 65–88) of the beta-carotene levels of nondrinkers; women had 89% (Cl 73–108) of the levels of nondrinkers. An interaction term for carotene intake and smoking was statistically significant in a model combining both sexes. These results suggest that plasma levels of beta-carotene among smokers and, perhaps, heavy consumers of alcohol may be reduced substantially below levels due to differences in diet. The correlation of calorie-adjusted intake of vitamin E with lipid-adjusted plasma levels of vitamin alpha-tocopherol was 0.53 for men (n = 137) and 0.51 for women (n = 193) and did not differ by alcohol consumption and cigarette use; these correlations were largely accounted for by use of vitamin supplements. In linear regression models, vitamin E Intake and plasma lipids were significant predictors of plasma alpha-tocopherol levels.
alcohol drinking; carotene; carotenoids; nutrition; smoking; vitamin A; vitamin E
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. S. L. Tan, J. J. Wang, V. Flood, and P. Mitchell Dietary Fatty Acids and the 10-Year Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study Arch Ophthalmol, May 1, 2009; 127(5): 656 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wang, J M. Gaziano, E. P Norkus, J. E Buring, and H. D Sesso Associations of plasma carotenoids with risk factors and biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 747 - 754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Kristal, K. B. Arnold, J. M. Schenk, M. L. Neuhouser, P. Goodman, D. F. Penson, and I. M. Thompson Dietary Patterns, Supplement Use, and the Risk of Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2008; 167(8): 925 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Klein, M. D. Knudtson, K. J. Cruickshanks, and B. E. K. Klein Further Observations on the Association Between Smoking and the Long-term Incidence and Progression of Age-related Macular Degeneration: The Beaver Dam Eye Study Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 2008; 126(1): 115 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. E. Peterson, J. R. Hebert, T. G. Hurley, K. Resnicow, F. E. Thompson, G. W. Greene, A. R. Shaikh, A. L. Yaroch, G. C. Williams, J. Salkeld, et al. Accuracy and Precision of Two Short Screeners to Assess Change in Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Diverse Populations Participating in Health Promotion Intervention Trials J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 218S - 225S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Talegawkar, E. J. Johnson, T. Carithers, H. A. Taylor Jr., M. L. Bogle, and K. L. Tucker Total {alpha}-Tocopherol Intakes Are Associated with Serum {alpha}-Tocopherol Concentrations in African American Adults J. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 137(10): 2297 - 2303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Machefer, C. Groussard, H. Zouhal, S. Vincent, H. Youssef, H. Faure, L. Malarde, and A. Gratas-Delamarche Nutritional and Plasmatic Antioxidant Vitamins Status of Ultra Endurance Athletes J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2007; 26(4): 311 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. L. Tan, P. Mitchell, A. Kifley, V. Flood, W. Smith, and J. J. Wang Smoking and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study Arch Ophthalmol, August 1, 2007; 125(8): 1089 - 1095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Gao, A. Martin, H. Lin, O. I. Bermudez, and K. L. Tucker {alpha}-Tocopherol Intake and Plasma Concentration of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Elders Is Associated with Dietary Intake Pattern J. Nutr., October 1, 2006; 136(10): 2574 - 2579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S S Dandekar, S A Jenkins, T Peto, A C Bird, and A R Webster Does smoking influence the type of age related macular degeneration causing visual impairment? Br J Ophthalmol, June 1, 2006; 90(6): 724 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. E. Gabriel, Z. Liu, J. W. Crott, S.-W. Choi, B. C. Song, J. B. Mason, and E. J. Johnson A Comparison of Carotenoids, Retinoids, and Tocopherols in the Serum and Buccal Mucosa of Chronic Cigarette Smokers versus Nonsmokers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Canoy, N. Wareham, A. Welch, S. Bingham, R. Luben, N. Day, and K.-T. Khaw Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and fat distribution in 19 068 British men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Norfolk cohort study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1203 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G Christen, S. Liu, D. A Schaumberg, and J. E Buring Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cataract in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2005; 81(6): 1417 - 1422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Switzer, J. R. Atwood, A. H. Stark, J. W. Hatch, R. Travis, F. Ullrich, E. R. Lyden, X. Wu, Y. Chiu, and J. L. Smith Plasma Carotenoid and Vitamins A and E Concentrations in Older African American Women after Wheat Bran Supplementation: Effects of Age, Body Mass and Smoking History J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2005; 24(3): 217 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Gueguen, P. Leroy, R. Gueguen, G. Siest, S. Visvikis, and B. Herbeth Genetic and environmental contributions to serum retinol and {alpha}-tocopherol concentrations: the Stanislas Family Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2005; 81(5): 1034 - 1044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ortega, P. Castilla, D. Gomez-Coronado, C. Garces, M. Benavente, F. Rodriguez-Artalejo, M. de Oya, and M. A Lasuncion Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on fat-soluble plasma antioxidants in Spanish children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2005; 81(3): 624 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Shai, B. A. Rosner, D. R. Shahar, H. Vardi, A. B. Azrad, A. Kanfi, D. Schwarzfuchs, and D. Fraser Dietary Evaluation and Attenuation of Relative Risk: Multiple Comparisons between Blood and Urinary Biomarkers, Food Frequency, and 24-Hour Recall Questionnaires: the DEARR Study J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 573 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-C. Hung, K. J. Joshipura, R. Jiang, F. B. Hu, D. Hunter, S. A. Smith-Warner, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, D. Spiegelman, and W. C. Willett Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Major Chronic Disease J Natl Cancer Inst, November 3, 2004; 96(21): 1577 - 1584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Liu, R. M. Russell, and X.-D. Wang {alpha}-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid Decrease the Production of {beta}-Apo-carotenals and Increase the Formation of Retinoids from {beta}-Carotene in the Lung Tissues of Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Ferrets In Vitro J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 426 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Kang, L. R. Pasquale, W. Willett, B. Rosner, K. M. Egan, N. Faberowski, and S. E. Hankinson Antioxidant Intake and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Prospective Study Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2003; 158(4): 337 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cho, D. Spiegelman, D. J. Hunter, W. Y. Chen, S. M. Zhang, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Premenopausal Intakes of Vitamins A, C, and E, Folate, and Carotenoids, and Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2003; 12(8): 713 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Goodman, S. Schaffer, G. S. Omenn, C. Chen, and I. King The Association between Lung and Prostate Cancer Risk, and Serum Micronutrients: Results and Lessons Learned from {beta}-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2003; 12(6): 518 - 526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. O. Stram and A. H. Wu CORRESPONDENCE: Re: {beta}-Carotene and Lung Cancer: A Lesson for Future Chemoprevention Investigations? J Natl Cancer Inst, May 21, 2003; 95(10): E4 - E4. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Baron, B. F. Cole, L. Mott, R. Haile, M. Grau, T. R. Church, G. J. Beck, and E. R. Greenberg Neoplastic and Antineoplastic Effects of {beta}-Carotene on Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Results of a Randomized Trial J Natl Cancer Inst, May 21, 2003; 95(10): 717 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Christen, J. E. Manson, R. J. Glynn, J. M. Gaziano, R. D. Sperduto, J. E. Buring, and C. H. Hennekens A Randomized Trial of Beta Carotene and Age-Related Cataract in US Physicians Arch Ophthalmol, March 1, 2003; 121(3): 372 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gross, X. Yu, P. Hannan, C. Prouty, and D. R Jacobs Jr Lipid standardization of serum fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations: the YALTA study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2003; 77(2): 458 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Dietrich, G. Block, E. P Norkus, M. Hudes, M. G Traber, C. E Cross, and L. Packer Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase {gamma}-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 160 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.M. Zhang, M.A. Hernan, H. Chen, D. Spiegelman, W.C. Willett, and A. Ascherio Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and PD risk Neurology, October 22, 2002; 59(8): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S Ford, C. Gillespie, C. Ballew, A. Sowell, and D. M Mannino Serum carotenoid concentrations in US children and adolescents Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2002; 76(4): 818 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Klein, B. E. K. Klein, S. C. Tomany, and S. E. Moss Ten-Year Incidence of Age-related Maculopathy and Smoking and Drinking: The Beaver Dam Eye Study Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2002; 156(7): 589 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. N. Holick, D. S. Michaud, R. Stolzenberg-Solomon, S. T. Mayne, P. Pietinen, P. R. Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Dietary Carotenoids, Serum {beta}-Carotene, and Retinol and Risk of Lung Cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2002; 156(6): 536 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. O. Stram, M. Huberman, and A. H. Wu Is Residual Confounding a Reasonable Explanation for the Apparent Protective Effects of Beta-carotene Found in Epidemiologic Studies of Lung Cancer in Smokers? Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2002; 155(7): 622 - 628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Block, E. Norkus, M. Hudes, S. Mandel, and K. Helzlsouer Which Plasma Antioxidants Are Most Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption? Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2001; 154(12): 1113 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. El-Sohemy, A. Baylin, A. Ascherio, E. Kabagambe, D. Spiegelman, and H. Campos Population-based study of {alpha}- and {gamma}-tocopherol in plasma and adipose tissue as biomarkers of intake in Costa Rican adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2001; 74(3): 356 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. P. Erlinger, E. Guallar, E. R. Miller III, R. Stolzenberg-Solomon, and L. J. Appel Relationship Between Systemic Markers of Inflammation and Serum {beta}-Carotene Levels Arch Intern Med, August 13, 2001; 161(15): 1903 - 1908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M McKeown, N. E Day, A. A Welch, S. A Runswick, R. N Luben, A. A Mulligan, A. McTaggart, and S. A Bingham Use of biological markers to validate self-reported dietary intake in a random sample of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer United Kingdom Norfolk cohort Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2001; 74(2): 188 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, M. A. Hernan, M. J. Olek, D. Spiegelman, W. C. Willett, and A. Ascherio Intakes of carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E and MS risk among two large cohorts of women Neurology, July 10, 2001; 57(1): 75 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Toniolo, A. L. Van Kappel, A. Akhmedkhanov, P. Ferrari, I. Kato, R. E. Shore, and E. Riboli Serum Carotenoids and Breast Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2001; 153(12): 1142 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. van den Berg, T. van Vliet, W. M. R. Broekmans, N. H. P. Cnubben, W. H. J. Vaes, L. Roza, G. R.M.M. Haenen, A. Bast, and H. van den Berg A Vegetable/Fruit Concentrate with High Antioxidant Capacity Has No Effect on Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status in Male Smokers J. Nutr., June 1, 2001; 131(6): 1714 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Wallstrom, E. Wirfalt, P. H Lahmann, B. Gullberg, L. Janzon, and G. Berglund Serum concentrations of {beta}-carotene and {{alpha}}-tocopherol are associated with diet, smoking, and general and central adiposity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 777 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J Alberg, J. C Chen, H. Zhao, S. C Hoffman, G. W Comstock, and K. J Helzlsouer Household exposure to passive cigarette smoking and serum micronutrient concentrations Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2000; 72(6): 1576 - 1582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Chopra, M. E. O'Neill, N. Keogh, G. Wortley, S. Southon, and D. I. Thurnham Influence of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Intake on Plasma and Lipoprotein Carotenoids and LDL Oxidation in Smokers and Nonsmokers Clin. Chem., November 1, 2000; 46(11): 1818 - 1829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. G. Christen, R. J. Glynn, U. A. Ajani, D. A. Schaumberg, J. E. Buring, C. H. Hennekens, and J. E. Manson Smoking Cessation and Risk of Age-Related Cataract in Men JAMA, August 9, 2000; 284(6): 713 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Ratnasinghe, M. R. Forman, J. A. Tangrea, Y. Qiao, S.-X. Yao, E. W. Gunter, M. J. Barrett, C. A. Giffen, Y. Erozan, M. S. Tockman, et al. SERUM CAROTENOIDS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED LUNG CANCER RISK AMONG ALCOHOL DRINKERS, BUT NOT AMONG NON-DRINKERS IN A COHORT OF TIN MINERS Alcohol Alcohol., July 1, 2000; 35(4): 355 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, D. J. Hunter, B. A. Rosner, E. L. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, F. E. Speizer, and W. C. Willett Intakes of Fruits, Vegetables, and Related Nutrients and the Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma among Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2000; 9(5): 477 - 485. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Cho, S. E. Hankinson, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, D. Spiegelman, F. E. Speizer, E. B. Rimm, and J. M. Seddon Prospective Study of Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Arch Ophthalmol, May 1, 2000; 118(5): 681 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ma, J. S Hampl, and N. M Betts Antioxidant intakes and smoking status: data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-1996 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 774 - 780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. McEligot, C. L. Rock, S. W. Flatt, V. Newman, S. Faerber, and J. P. Pierce Plasma Carotenoids Are Biomarkers of Long-Term High Vegetable Intake in Women with Breast Cancer J. Nutr., December 1, 1999; 129(12): 2258 - 2263. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Brown, E. B Rimm, J. M Seddon, E. L Giovannucci, L. Chasan-Taber, D. Spiegelman, W. C Willett, and S. E Hankinson A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 1999; 70(4): 517 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Mayne, B. Cartmel, F. Silva, C. S. Kim, B. G. Fallon, K. Briskin, T. Zheng, M. Baum, G. Shor-Posner, and W. J. Goodwin Jr. Plasma Lycopene Concentrations in Humans Are Determined by Lycopene Intake, Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations and Selected Demographic Factors J. Nutr., April 1, 1999; 129(4): 849 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zhang, D. J. Hunter, M. R. Forman, B. A. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, G. A. Colditz, J. E. Manson, S. E. Hankinson, and W. C. Willett Dietary Carotenoids and Vitamins A, C, and E and Risk of Breast Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 547 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovannucci Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature J Natl Cancer Inst, February 17, 1999; 91(4): 317 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L Tucker, H. Chen, S. Vogel, P. W. F. Wilson, E. J. Schaefer, and C. J. Lammi-Keefe Carotenoid Intakes, Assessed by Dietary Questionnaire, Are Associated with Plasma Carotenoid Concentrations in an Elderly Population J. Nutr., February 1, 1999; 129(2): 438 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Delcourt, J.-L. Diaz, A. Ponton-Sanchez, L. Papoz, and for the POLA Study Group Smoking and Age-related Macular Degeneration: The POLA Study Arch Ophthalmol, August 1, 1998; 116(8): 1031 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. P. Koonsvitsky, D. A. Berry, M. B. Jones, P. Y. T. Lin, D. A. Cooper, D. Y. Jones, and J. E. Jackson Olestra Affects Serum Concentrations of alpha -Tocopherol and Carotenoids but not Vitamin D or Vitamin K Status in Free-Living Subjects J. Nutr., August 1, 1997; 127(8): 1636 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Winklhofer-Roob, M. A. v.'t Hof, and D. H. Shmerling Reference values for plasma concentrations of vitamin E and A and carotenoids in a Swiss population from infancy to adulthood, adjusted for seasonal influences Clin. Chem., January 1, 1997; 43(1): 146 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Seddon, W. C. Willett, F. E. Speizer, and S. E. Hankinson A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Women JAMA, October 9, 1996; 276(14): 1141 - 1146. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Christen, R. J. Glynn, J. E. Manson, U. A. Ajani, and J. E. Buring A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Men JAMA, October 9, 1996; 276(14): 1147 - 1151. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Klein and B. E. K. Klein Smoke Gets in Your Eyes Too JAMA, October 9, 1996; 276(14): 1178 - 1179. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Vingerling, A. Hofman, D. E. Grobbee, and P. T. V. M. de Jong Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Smoking: The Rotterdam Study Arch Ophthalmol, October 1, 1996; 114(10): 1193 - 1196. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Seddon, U. A. Ajani, R. D. Sperduto, R. Hiller, N. Blair, T. C. Burton, M. D. Farber, E. S. Gragoudas, J. Haller, D. T. Miller, et al. Dietary Carotenoids, Vitamins A, C, and E, and Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration JAMA, November 9, 1994; 272(18): 1413 - 1420. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. J. Hunter, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, B. Rosner, C. H. Hennekens, F. E. Speizer, and W. C. Willett A Prospective Study of the Intake of Vitamins C, E, and A and the Risk of Breast Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., July 22, 1993; 329(4): 234 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Stampfer, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, and W. C. Willett Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women N. Engl. J. Med., May 20, 1993; 328(20): 1444 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, E. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men N. Engl. J. Med., May 20, 1993; 328(20): 1450 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Browman, G. Wong, I. Hodson, J. Sathya, R. Russell, L. McAlpine, P. Skingley, and M. N. Levine Influence of Cigarette Smoking on the Efficacy of Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer N. Engl. J. Med., January 21, 1993; 328(3): 159 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group Antioxidant Status and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 1993; 111(1): 104 - 109. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. G. Christen, J. E. Manson, J. M. Seddon, R. J. Glynn, J. E. Buring, B. Rosner, and C. H. Hennekens A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Cataract in Men JAMA, August 26, 1992; 268(8): 989 - 993. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Hankinson, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, J. M. Seddon, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and M. J. Stampfer A Prospective Study of Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Cataract Surgery in Women JAMA, August 26, 1992; 268(8): 994 - 998. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Neaton, H. Blackburn, D. Jacobs, L. Kuller, D.-J. Lee, R. Sherwin, J. Shih, J. Stamler, and D. Wentworth Serum Cholesterol Level and Mortality Findings for Men Screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Arch Intern Med, July 1, 1992; 152(7): 1490 - 1500. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Henderson, R. Ross, and M. Pike Toward the primary prevention of cancer Science, November 22, 1991; 254(5035): 1131 - 1138. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|