American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 110, No. 3: 281-290
Copyright © 1979 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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AN INVESTIGATION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN FAMILIES
THE FRAMINGHAM OFFSPRING STUDY
Epidemiology Branch, Division of Heart & Vascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH
Reprint requests to Dr. Feinleib, Federal Building, Room 2C08, Bethesda, MD 20205.
The Framingham Heart Study (FHS) was started in 1948 as a prospective investigation of cardiovascular disease in a cohort of adult men and women. Continuous surveillance of this sample of 5209 subjects has been maintained through biennial physical examinations. In 1971 examinations were begun on the children of the FHS cohort. This study, called the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS), was undertaken to expand upon knowledge of cardiovascular disease, particularly in the area of familial clustering of the disease and its risk factors. This report reviews the sampling design of the FHS and describes the nature of the FOS sample. The FOS families appear to be of typical size and age structure for families with parents born in the late 19th or early 20th century. In addition, there is little evidence that coronary heart disease (CHD) experience and CHD risk factors differ in parents of those who volunteered for this study and the parents of those who did not volunteer.
blood pressure; cholesterol; coronary disease; family characteristics; genetics; longitudinal studies; smoking
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H. A. Chami, R. B. Devereux, J. S. Gottdiener, R. Mehra, M. J. Roman, E. J. Benjamin, and D. J. Gottlieb Left Ventricular Morphology and Systolic Function in Sleep-Disordered Breathing: The Sleep Heart Health Study Circulation, May 20, 2008; 117(20): 2599 - 2607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Vasan, S. Demissie, M. Kimura, L. A. Cupples, N. Rifai, C. White, T. J. Wang, J. P. Gardner, X. Cao, E. J. Benjamin, et al. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length With Circulating Biomarkers of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, March 4, 2008; 117(9): 1138 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Walter, J. B. Wilk, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, J. F. Keaney Jr, I. Lipinska, G. T. O'Connor, and E. J. Benjamin Systemic Inflammation and COPD: The Framingham Heart Study Chest, January 1, 2008; 133(1): 19 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. May, J. A C Sterne, M. Shipley, E. Brunner, R. d'Agostino, P. Whincup, Y. Ben-Shlomo, A. Carr, B. Ledergerber, J. D Lundgren, et al. A coronary heart disease risk model for predicting the effect of potent antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected men Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2007; 36(6): 1309 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. I. Parikh, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, T. J. Wang, C. Newton-Cheh, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, W. B. Kannel, and R. S. Vasan Plasma renin and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Framingham Heart Study Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2007; 28(21): 2644 - 2652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Meigs, M. G. Larson, C. S. Fox, J. F. Keaney Jr., R. S. Vasan, and E. J. Benjamin Association of Oxidative Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Diabetes Risk Phenotypes: The Framingham Offspring Study Diabetes Care, October 1, 2007; 30(10): 2529 - 2535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Newton-Cheh, C.-Y. Guo, M. G. Larson, S. L. Musone, A. Surti, A. L. Camargo, J. A. Drake, E. J. Benjamin, D. Levy, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, et al. Common Genetic Variation in KCNH2 Is Associated With QT Interval Duration: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, September 4, 2007; 116(10): 1128 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Daly Is early chronic kidney disease an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease?: A Background Paper prepared for the UK Consensus Conference on Early Chronic Kidney Disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_9): ix19 - ix25. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, M. J. Pencina, G. H. Tofler, E. J. Benjamin, K. J. Lanier, P. F. Jacques, C. S. Fox, J. B. Meigs, D. Levy, M. G. Larson, et al. Multimarker Approach to Evaluate the Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome and Longitudinal Changes in Metabolic Risk Factors: The Framingham Offspring Study Circulation, August 28, 2007; 116(9): 984 - 992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, E. J. Schaefer, J. H. Contois, J. R. McNamara, L. Sullivan, M. J. Keyes, M. J. Pencina, C. Schoonmaker, P. W. F. Wilson, R. B. D'Agostino, et al. Clinical Utility of Different Lipid Measures for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women JAMA, August 15, 2007; 298(7): 776 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ferrannini, B. Balkau, S. W. Coppack, J. M. Dekker, A. Mari, J. Nolan, M. Walker, A. Natali, H. Beck-Nielsen, and the RISC Investigators Insulin Resistance, Insulin Response, and Obesity as Indicators of Metabolic Risk J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 2885 - 2892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Gerber, S. J. Jacobsen, J. M. Killian, S. A. Weston, and V. L. Roger Participation Bias Assessment in a Community-Based Study of Myocardial Infarction, 2002-2005 Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2007; 82(8): 933 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Dhingra, L. Sullivan, P. F. Jacques, T. J. Wang, C. S. Fox, J. B. Meigs, R. B. D'Agostino, J. M. Gaziano, and R. S. Vasan Soft Drink Consumption and Risk of Developing Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Adults in the Community Circulation, July 31, 2007; 116(5): 480 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, L. M. Sullivan, C. S. Fox, J. M. Murabito, E. J. Benjamin, J. F. Polak, J. B. Meigs, M. J. Keyes, C. J. O'Donnell, T. J. Wang, et al. Burden and Prognostic Importance of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Overweight and Obese Individuals Circulation, July 24, 2007; 116(4): 375 - 384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Weiner, H. Tighiouart, E. F. Elsayed, J. L. Griffith, D. N. Salem, A. S. Levey, and M. J. Sarnak The Framingham Predictive Instrument in Chronic Kidney Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2007; 50(3): 217 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Foster, S.-J. Hwang, M. G. Larson, N. I. Parikh, J. B. Meigs, R. S. Vasan, T. J. Wang, D. Levy, and C. S. Fox Cross-Classification of Microalbuminuria and Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate: Associations Between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes Arch Intern Med, July 9, 2007; 167(13): 1386 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Levy, S.-J. Hwang, A. Kayalar, E. J. Benjamin, R. S. Vasan, H. Parise, M. G. Larson, T. J. Wang, J. Selhub, P. F. Jacques, et al. Associations of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide, Adrenomedullin, and Homocysteine Levels With Alterations in Arterial Stiffness: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, June 19, 2007; 115(24): 3079 - 3085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, M. G. Larson, R. S. Vasan, C. J. O'Donnell, X. Yin, J. N. Hirschhorn, C. Newton-Cheh, J. A. Drake, S. L. Musone, N. L. Heard-Costa, et al. Heritability, Linkage, and Genetic Associations of Exercise Treadmill Test Responses Circulation, June 12, 2007; 115(23): 2917 - 2924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ingelsson, L. M. Sullivan, J. M. Murabito, C. S. Fox, E. J. Benjamin, J. F. Polak, J. B. Meigs, M. J. Keyes, C. J. O'Donnell, T. J. Wang, et al. Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1718 - 1726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. F. Mitchell, C.-Y. Guo, S. Kathiresan, R. S. Vasan, M. G. Larson, J. A. Vita, M. J. Keyes, M. Vyas, C. Newton-Cheh, S. L. Musone, et al. Vascular Stiffness and Genetic Variation at the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Locus: The Framingham Heart Study Hypertension, June 1, 2007; 49(6): 1285 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. F. Mitchell, C.-Y. Guo, E. J. Benjamin, M. G. Larson, M. J. Keyes, J. A. Vita, R. S. Vasan, and D. Levy Cross-Sectional Correlates of Increased Aortic Stiffness in the Community: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, May 22, 2007; 115(20): 2628 - 2636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Dhingra, L. M. Sullivan, C. S. Fox, T. J. Wang, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, J. M. Gaziano, and R. S. Vasan Relations of Serum Phosphorus and Calcium Levels to the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the Community Arch Intern Med, May 14, 2007; 167(9): 879 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Meigs, M. K. Rutter, L. M. Sullivan, C. S. Fox, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., and P. W.F. Wilson Impact of Insulin Resistance on Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in People With Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, May 1, 2007; 30(5): 1219 - 1225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. D. Campbell, H. N. Lyon, J. Nemesh, J. A. Drake, T. Tuomi, D. Gaudet, X. Zhu, R. S. Cooper, K. G. Ardlie, L. C. Groop, et al. Association Studies of BMI and Type 2 Diabetes in the Neuropeptide Y Pathway: A Possible Role for NPY2R as a Candidate Gene for Type 2 Diabetes in Men Diabetes, May 1, 2007; 56(5): 1460 - 1467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Peter, G. S. Huggins, A. M. Shearman, A. Pollak, C. H. Schmid, L. A. Cupples, S. Demissie, R. D. Patten, R. H. Karas, D. E. Housman, et al. Age-Related Changes in Echocardiographic Measurements: Association With Variation in the Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Gene Hypertension, May 1, 2007; 49(5): 1000 - 1006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Newton-Cheh, C.-Y. Guo, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, E. J. Benjamin, T. J. Wang, S. Kathiresan, C. J. O'Donnell, S. L. Musone, A. L. Camargo, et al. Clinical and Genetic Correlates of Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio and Relations to Blood Pressure in a Community Sample Hypertension, April 1, 2007; 49(4): 846 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Wang, M. G. Larson, M. J. Keyes, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, and R. S. Vasan Association of Plasma Natriuretic Peptide Levels With Metabolic Risk Factors in Ambulatory Individuals Circulation, March 20, 2007; 115(11): 1345 - 1353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. F. Terry, J. C. Evans, M. J. Pencina, J. M. Murabito, R. S. Vasan, P. A. Wolf, M. Kelly-Hayes, D. Levy, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, and E. J. Benjamin Characteristics of Framingham Offspring Participants With Long-lived Parents Arch Intern Med, March 12, 2007; 167(5): 438 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Elias, L. M. Sullivan, P. K. Elias, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, P. A. Wolf, S. Seshadri, R. Au, E. J. Benjamin, and R. S. Vasan Left Ventricular Mass, Blood Pressure, and Lowered Cognitive Performance in the Framingham Offspring Hypertension, March 1, 2007; 49(3): 439 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Wang, P. Gona, M. G. Larson, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, G. H. Tofler, P. F. Jacques, J. B. Meigs, N. Rifai, J. Selhub, et al. Multiple Biomarkers and the Risk of Incident Hypertension Hypertension, March 1, 2007; 49(3): 432 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. F. Mitchell, R. S. Vasan, M. J. Keyes, H. Parise, T. J. Wang, M. G. Larson, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, W. B. Kannel, D. Levy, and E. J. Benjamin Pulse Pressure and Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation JAMA, February 21, 2007; 297(7): 709 - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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