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Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158:743-746.
Copyright © 2003 by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Invited Commentary: Socioeconomic Status, Hostility, and Health Behaviors—Does It Matter Which Comes First?

Redford B. Williams 

From the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medicine, and Psychology and the Behavioral Medicine Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.

Received for publication June 16, 2003; accepted for publication July 10, 2003.

Abbreviations: Abbreviation: SES, socioeconomic status.

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   INTRODUCTION
 
Increases in mortality and morbidity as a function of decreasing socioeconomic status (SES) are a well-recognized and growing public health problem (1–4). Limited public resources, and differences among political leaders about how best to allocate them, make it unlikely that the solution to this problem will be found by simply throwing money at it. If the mechanisms and pathways responsible for the SES gradient of health and disease were known, however, it might be possible to devise and implement less ambitious interventions targeting key elements in the causal chain from low SES to increased disease and death rates. If increased levels of risky health behaviors—like smoking, sedentary exercise habits, and excessive alcohol use—can be shown to account for much of the increased morbidity and mortality among lower SES groups, it might be easier, at least in the short run, to mount programs to change these behaviors . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   HOW DOES LOW SES GET INSIDE THE SKIN?
 

   A PROPOSED CAUSAL MODEL FOR THE SES GRADIENT OF DISEASE AND DEATH
 

   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 

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