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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on July 30, 2008
American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 168(6):638-646; doi:10.1093/aje/kwn186
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American Journal of Epidemiology Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2008.

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

First-Trimester Maternal Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Infant Oral Clefts in Norway: A Population-based Case-Control Study

Lisa A. DeRoo1, Allen J. Wilcox1, Christian A. Drevon2 and Rolv Terje Lie3,4

1 Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC
2 Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3 Section for Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
4 Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway

Correspondence to Dr. Lisa A. DeRoo, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop A3-05, Durham, NC 27709 (e-mail: DeRooL{at}niehs.nih.gov).

Received for publication November 25, 2007. Accepted for publication May 22, 2008.

Although alcohol is a recognized teratogen, evidence is limited on alcohol intake and oral cleft risk. The authors examined the association between maternal alcohol consumption and oral clefts in a national, population-based case-control study of infants born in 1996–2001 in Norway. Participants were 377 infants with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, 196 with cleft palate only, and 763 controls. Mothers reported first-trimester alcohol consumption in self-administered questionnaires completed within a few months after delivery. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for confounders. Compared with nondrinkers, women who reported binge-level drinking (≥5 drinks per sitting) were more likely to have an infant with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 4.2) and cleft palate only (odds ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 5.6). Odds ratios were higher among women who binged on three or more occasions: odds ratio = 3.2 for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 10.2) and odds ratio = 3.0 for cleft palate only (95% confidence interval: 0.7, 13.0). Maternal binge-level drinking may increase the risk of infant clefts.

alcohol drinking; cleft lip; cleft palate


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A. M. W. Johansen, A. J. Wilcox, R. T. Lie, L. F. Andersen, and C. A. Drevon
Maternal Consumption of Coffee and Caffeine-containing Beverages and Oral Clefts: A Population-based Case-Control Study in Norway
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