American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access published online on October 8, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology, doi:10.1093/aje/kwm269
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Original Contribution |
Calcium, Vitamin D, and Dairy Product Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk
The Multiethnic Cohort Study
1 Cancer Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI
2 Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
Correspondence to Dr. Song-Yi Park, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, 1236 Lauhala Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 (e-mail: spark{at}crch.hawaii.edu).
Received for publication March 23, 2007. Accepted for publication August 21, 2007.
High intakes of calcium and dairy products have been suggested to be related to prostate cancer risk. Such associations were examined in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (1993–2002) among 82,483 men who completed a detailed quantitative food frequency questionnaire. During a mean follow-up of 8 years, 4,404 total cases of prostate cancer were identified. In Cox proportional hazards models, no association was found between calcium and vitamin D intake and total, advanced, or high-grade prostate cancer risk, whether for total intake, intake from foods, or intake from supplements, among all male participants or among nonusers of supplemental calcium. No association of calcium or vitamin D intake was seen across racial/ethnic groups. In analyses of food groups, dairy product and total milk consumption were not associated with prostate cancer risk. However, low-/nonfat milk was related to an increased risk and whole milk to a decreased risk of total prostate cancer; after stratification, these effects were limited to localized or low-grade tumors. Although the findings from this study do not support an association between the intakes of calcium and vitamin D and prostate cancer risk, they do suggest that an association with milk consumption may vary by fat content, particularly for early forms of this cancer.
calcium; cohort studies; dairy products; ethnic groups; prostatic neoplasms; vitamin D
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; QFFQ, quantitative food frequency questionnaire; RR, relative risk
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