American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 99, No. 5: 325-332
Copyright © 1974 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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PROPORTION OF DISEASE CAUSED OR PREVENTED BY A GIVEN EXPOSURE, TRAIT OR INTERVENTION1
The structures of two epidemiologic parameters are explored. One, the "etiologic fraction, " relates to markers of increased risk, and it is the proportion of disease attributable to the marker and/or to factors associated with it. The other, the "prevented fraction, " is the equivalent of this for a marker of reduced risk. It is shown that both parameters depend—in different ways—-on the frequency of the marker among cases of the disease, and on the "standardized morbidity ratio" for those with the marker. Point estimation of these parameters is often straight-forward, particularly in case-control studies.
biometry; epidemiologic methods
From the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, and the Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, S. E. Hankinson, C. H. Hennekens, and F. E. Speizer Body Weight and Mortality among Women N. Engl. J. Med., September 14, 1995; 333(11): 677 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Gabriel Has the Cost-effectiveness of Misoprostol Been Underestimated? Arch Intern Med, July 10, 1995; 155(13): 1448 - 1451. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. Pittet and R. P. Wenzel Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections: Secular Trends in Rates, Mortality, and Contribution to Total Hospital Deaths Arch Intern Med, June 12, 1995; 155(11): 1177 - 1184. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M Gronbaek, A Deis, T I A Sorensen, U Becker, K Borch-Johnsen, C Muller, P Schnohr, and G Jensen Influence of sex, age, body mass index, and smoking on alcohol intake and mortality BMJ, January 29, 1994; 308(6924): 302 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. L. Slattery and R. A. Kerber A Comprehensive Evaluation of Family History and Breast Cancer Risk: The Utah Population Database JAMA, October 6, 1993; 270(13): 1563 - 1568. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. E. Manson, D. M. Nathan, A. S. Krolewski, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and C. H. Hennekens A Prospective Study of Exercise and Incidence of Diabetes Among US Male Physicians JAMA, July 1, 1992; 268(1): 63 - 67. [Abstract] [PDF]
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C. E. Davis, B. M. Rifkind, H. Brenner, and D. J. Gordon A Single Cholesterol Measurement Underestimates the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: An Empirical Example From the Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study JAMA, December 19, 1990; 264(23): 3044 - 3046. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. N. Blair, H. W. Kohl III, R. S. Paffenbarger Jr, D. G. Clark, K. H. Cooper, and L. W. Gibbons Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality: A Prospective Study of Healthy Men and Women JAMA, November 3, 1989; 262(17): 2395 - 2401. [Abstract] [PDF]
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Anti-infective Drug Use in Relation to the Risk of Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia: A Report From the International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia Study Arch Intern Med, May 1, 1989; 149(5): 1036 - 1040. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. F. Uhlmann, E. B. Larson, T. S. Rees, T. D. Koepsell, and L. G. Duckert Relationship of Hearing Impairment to Dementia and Cognitive Dysfunction in Older Adults JAMA, April 7, 1989; 261(13): 1916 - 1919. [Abstract] [PDF]
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The International Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Ane Risks of Agranulocytosis and Aplastic Anemia: A First Report of Their Relation to Drug Use With Special Reference to Analgesics JAMA, October 3, 1986; 256(13): 1749 - 1757. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Rosenberg, D. R. Miller, D. W. Kaufman, S. P. Helmrich, S. Van de Carr, P. D. Stolley, and S. Shapiro Myocardial Infarction in Women Under 50 Years of Age JAMA, November 25, 1983; 250(20): 2801 - 2806. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. A. Blake, R. A. Feldman, T. M. Buchanan, G. F. Brooks, and J. V. Bennett Serologic Therapy of Tetanus in the United States, 1965-1971 JAMA, January 5, 1976; 235(1): 42 - 44. [Abstract] [PDF]
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