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American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 93, No. 6: 472-479
Copyright © 1971 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health

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A COMPARISON OF SUBCUTANEOUS, NASAL, AND COMBINED INFLUENZA VACCINATION. I. ANTIGENICITY1,2

JACK M. GWALTNEY, JR., Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer3,, WILLIAM P. EDMONDSON, JR., RICHARD ROTHENBERG4 and PAUL W. WHITE, Epidemiologist5

3Recipient of Research Career Development Award, No. 1 KO4 AI 2061.
4USPHS, CDC, assigned to Virginia State Health Department, Richmond; currently in Agana, Guam
5Virginia State Health Department, Richmond; currently PHS Field Officer, Central America Malaria Research Station, El Salvado

Reprint requests to Dr. Gwaltney, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901

Gwaltney, J. M., Jr. (Univ. of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va. 22901), W. P. Edmondson, Jr., R. Rothenberg and P. W. White. A comparison of subcutaneous, nasal, and combined influenza vaccination. I. Antigenicity. Amer J Epidem 93: 472–479, 1971.—Monovalent killed A2 Hong Kong influenza vaccine purified by zonal ultracentrifugation was given in standard doses (400 CCA units) to medical students, insurance company employees, and elderly psychiatric patients by jet gun, naso-pharyngeal spray, and a combination of both methods. Following parenteral vaccination alone or in combination with spray, 80% of young and elderly adults had serum hemagglutination inhibition or neutralizing antibody responses. Post-vaccination geometric mean liters ranged between 1: 65 and 1: 139. Nasal instillation of vaccine was followed by hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing antibody responses in only 16% and 20%, respectively, of vaccinees, and final geometric mean titers were less than 1: 25. Type B influenza vaccine used as a control did not evoke antibody responses to A2 Hong Kong antigen. A2 Hong Kong booster vaccination one year later by subcutaneous or intradermal injection was effective in raising serum antibody levels In persons with pre-booster titers of 1: 40 or less.

antibody; nasal; antigen-antibody reactions; influenza; influenza vaccine; respiratory disease; acute; vaccination

1From the Departments of Preventive Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, and the Virginia State Department of Health Laboratories, Richmond, Va.

2This investigation was sponsored in part by Contract No. PH–43–63–1128, Vaccine Development Branch, NIAID, NIH, and in part by Training Grant No. AI 00266, Bacteriology and Mycology Branch, NIAID, NIH.


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Revised (1972-1973) Bivalent Influenza Vaccine: Serum and Nasal Antibody Responses to Parenteral Vaccination
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