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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on October 6, 2009
American Journal of Epidemiology 2009 170(9):1165-1177; doi:10.1093/aje/kwp280
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American Journal of Epidemiology Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2009.

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Meat and Meat-related Compounds and Risk of Prostate Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort Study in the United States

Rashmi Sinha*, Yikyung Park, Barry I. Graubard, Michael F. Leitzmann, Albert Hollenbeck, Arthur Schatzkin and Amanda J. Cross

* Correspondence to Dr. Rashmi Sinha, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20892 (e-mail: sinhar{at}nih.gov).

Received for publication January 28, 2009. Accepted for publication July 31, 2009.

The authors examined associations between meat consumption (type, cooking method, and related mutagens), heme iron, nitrite/nitrate, and prostate cancer in a cohort of 175,343 US men aged 50–71 years. During 9 years of follow-up (1995–2003), they ascertained 10,313 prostate cancer cases (1,102 advanced) and 419 fatal cases. Hazard ratios comparing the fifth intake quintile with the first revealed elevated risks associated with red and processed meat for total (red meat: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.21; processed meat: HR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.14) and advanced (red meat: HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.65; processed meat: HR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.61) prostate cancer. Heme iron, barbecued/grilled meat, and benzo[a]pyrene were all positively associated with total (HR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.17), HR = 1.11 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.19), and HR = 1.09 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.18), respectively) and advanced (HR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.58), HR = 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.69), and HR = 1.28 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.65), respectively) disease. Nitrite (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.51) and nitrate (HR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.61) intakes were associated with advanced prostate cancer. There were no clear associations for fatal prostate cancer. Red and processed meat may be positively associated with prostate cancer via mechanisms involving heme iron, nitrite/nitrate, grilling/barbecuing, and benzo[a]pyrene.

amines; benzo(a)pyrene; heme; meat; nitrates; nitrites; polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic; prostatic neoplasms

Abbreviations: B[a]P, benzo[a]pyrene; CI, confidence interval; DiMeIQx, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; HR, hazard ratio; NIH, National Institutes of Health; MeIQx, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline; NOCs, N-nitroso compounds; PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; PhIP, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine; PSA, prostate-specific antigen


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