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American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on August 3, 2009
American Journal of Epidemiology 2009 170(6):717-729; doi:10.1093/aje/kwp178
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American Journal of Epidemiology Published by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 2009.

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS

Fish, Vitamin D, and Flavonoids in Relation to Renal Cell Cancer Among Smokers

Robin Taylor Wilson, Jiangyue Wang, Vernon Chinchilli, John P. Richie, Jarmo Virtamo, Lee E. Moore and Demetrius Albanes

Correspondence to Dr. Robin Taylor Wilson, Epidemiology Division, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 600 Centerview Drive, Suite 2200, Mail Code A210, Hershey, PA 17033-0855 (e-mail: rwilson{at}psu.edu).

Received for publication November 19, 2008. Accepted for publication June 4, 2009.

Fish, vitamin D, flavonoids, and flavonoid-containing foods may have cardiovascular benefits and therefore may also reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. Risk was prospectively assessed in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (1985–2002) cohort (N = 27,111; 15.2 mean person-years of follow-up). At enrollment, demographic, health, and dietary history information was recorded. Individuals who smoked less than 5 cigarettes/day, with chronic renal insufficiency or prior cancer, were excluded. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals from Cox regression were used to compare upper quartiles (quartiles 2–4) with the lowest quartile (quartile 1) of dietary intake. Among 228 cases, risk (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1) was associated with consumption of the flavonoid quercetin (hazard ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.4, 0.9; Ptrend = 0.015) and Baltic herring (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.0; Ptrend < 0.001), with adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, alcohol use, physical activity, urban residence, and education. In geographically stratified models, the risks associated with herring and total fish intake appeared to be highest in the urban coast region, although the interaction was not statistically significant. These results suggest that the flavonoid quercetin may prevent renal cell cancer among male smokers. The possible risk associated with fish intake warrants further investigation before conclusions may be drawn.

carcinoma (renal cell); fish products; flavonoids; vitamin D

Abbreviations: ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio


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