American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on March 14, 2008
American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 167(9):1070-1080; doi:10.1093/aje/kwn021
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Dietary Boron and Hormone Replacement Therapy as Risk Factors for Lung Cancer in Women
From the Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
Correspondence to Dr. Somdat Mahabir, Department of Epidemiology-Unit 1340, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, CPB4.3241, 1155 Pressler Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030 (e-mail: smahabir{at}mdanderson.org).
Received for publication August 1, 2007. Accepted for publication January 17, 2008.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may reduce lung cancer risk. Dietary boron may have actions similar to those of HRT; however, no previous study has reported the associations between dietary boron intake and lung cancer risk or the joint effects of boron intake and HRT use on lung cancer risk. The authors examined the associations between boron intake and the joint effects of boron intake and HRT on lung cancer risk in women. In an ongoing case-control study in Houston, Texas (July 1995 through April 2005, end date for this analysis), 763 women were diagnosed with lung cancer, and 838 were matched healthy controls with data on both diet and HRT. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the associations between dietary boron and HRT with lung cancer risk. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratios for lung cancer with decreasing quartiles of dietary boron intake were 1.0, 1.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.90), 1.64 (95% CI: 1.20, 2.24), and 1.95 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.68) mg/day, respectively, for all women (ptrend < 0.0001). In joint-effects analyses, compared with women with high dietary boron intake who used HRT, the odds ratio for lung cancer for low dietary boron intake and no HRT use was 2.07 (95% CI: 1.53, 2.81). Boron intake was inversely associated with lung cancer in women, whereas women who consumed low boron and did not use HRT were at substantial increased odds.
boron; diet; hormone replacement therapy; lung neoplasms; risk factors; women
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HHHQ, Health Habits and History Questionnaire; HRT, hormone replacement therapy