American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on February 7, 2008
American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 167(8):925-934; doi:10.1093/aje/kwm389
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Dietary Patterns, Supplement Use, and the Risk of Symptomatic Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
1 Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
2 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
3 Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
4 Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX
Correspondence to Dr. Alan R. Kristal, Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, M4-B402, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024 (e-mail: akristal{at}fhcrc.org).
Received for publication July 6, 2007. Accepted for publication December 11, 2007.
This study examined dietary risk factors for incident benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in 4,770 Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (1994–2003) placebo-arm participants who were free of BPH at baseline. BPH was assessed over 7 years and was defined as medical or surgical treatment or repeated elevation (>14) on the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire. Diet, alcohol, and supplement use were assessed by use of a food frequency questionnaire. There were 876 incident BPH cases (33.6/1,000 person-years). The hazard ratios for the contrasts of the highest to lowest quintiles increased 31% for total fat and 27% for polyunsaturated fat and decreased 15% for protein (all ptrend < 0.05). The risk was significantly lower in high consumers of alcoholic beverages (0 vs. 
2/day: hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67) and vegetables (<1 vs. 4/day: HR = 0.68) and higher in daily (vs. <1/week) consumers of red meat (HR = 1.38). There were no associations of supplemental antioxidants with risk, and there was weak evidence for associations of lycopene, zinc, and supplemental vitamin D with reduced risk. A diet low in fat and red meat and high in protein and vegetables, as well as regular alcohol consumption, may reduce the risk of symptomatic BPH.
alcohol drinking; diet; dietary supplements; prostatic hyperplasia
Abbreviations: BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; CI, confidence interval; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; HR, hazard ratio; IPSS, International Prostate Symptom Score; PCPT, Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
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