American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on December 12, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology 2008 167(2):188-192; doi:10.1093/aje/kwm309
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Energy Intake at Breakfast and Weight Change: Prospective Study of 6,764 Middle-aged Men and Women
1 MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Medical Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
2 Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
3 Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
4 MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
5 MRC Centre for Nutrition in Cancer Epidemiology Prevention and Survival, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Correspondence to Dr. Nicholas Wareham, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 9NL, United Kingdom (e-mail: nick.wareham{at}mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk).
Received for publication July 3, 2007. Accepted for publication September 21, 2007.
To investigate the association between percentage of total daily energy intake consumed at breakfast and weight change in middle-aged men and women, the authors analyzed data from a prospective population-based cohort study from Norfolk, United Kingdom. Participants were 6,764 men and women aged 40–75 years at baseline (1993–1997). Participants completed a 7-day food diary at baseline, and objective measurements of height and weight were carried out at baseline and follow-up (1998–2000). Mean baseline body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was lowest among persons in the highest quintile of percentage of daily energy consumed at breakfast (mean values were 26.0 in the highest quintile and 26.3 in the lowest quintile), despite higher daily total energy intake in this group. Although all participants gained weight, increased percentage of daily energy consumed at breakfast was associated with relatively lower weight gain (adjusted β coefficient = –0.021, 95% confidence interval: –0.035, –0.007; p = 0.004). The association between percentage of daily energy intake consumed at breakfast and weight gain was independent of age, sex, smoking, total energy intake, macronutrient intake, social class, and physical activity. Redistribution of daily energy intake, so that more energy is consumed at breakfast and less energy is consumed later in the day, may help to reduce weight gain in middle-aged adults.
body mass index; diet; feeding behavior; food; obesity; prospective studies; weight gain
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; %TEI, percentage of total energy intake
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