American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on June 7, 2007
American Journal of Epidemiology 2007 166(3):270-279; doi:10.1093/aje/kwm083
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Radio-Frequency Radiation Exposure from AM Radio Transmitters and Childhood Leukemia and Brain Cancer
1 Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
2 Department of Occupational Medicine, Hallym University Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
3 Department of Geography, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
4 Department of Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
5 Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute, Taejon, South Korea
6 School of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Dankook University, Seoul, South Korea
7 Department of Radio Sciences and Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, Taejon, South Korea
Correspondence to Dr. Mina Ha, Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, San 29, Anseo-dong, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea 330-714 (e-mail: minaha{at}dku.edu).
Received for publication August 2, 2006. Accepted for publication February 2, 2007.
Leukemia and brain cancer patients under age 15 years, along with controls with respiratory illnesses who were matched to cases on age, sex, and year of diagnosis (1993–1999), were selected from 14 South Korean hospitals using the South Korean Medical Insurance Data System. Diagnoses were confirmed through the South Korean National Cancer Registry. Residential addresses were obtained from medical records. A newly developed prediction program incorporating a geographic information system that was modified by the results of actual measurements was used to estimate radio-frequency radiation (RFR) exposure from 31 amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmitters with a power of 20 kW or more. A total of 1,928 leukemia patients, 956 brain cancer patients, and 3,082 controls were analyzed. Cancer risks were estimated using conditional logistic regression adjusted for residential area, socioeconomic status, and community population density. The odds ratio for all types of leukemia was 2.15 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 4.67) among children who resided within 2 km of the nearest AM radio transmitter as compared with those resided more than 20 km from it. For total RFR exposure from all transmitters, odds ratios for lymphocytic leukemia were 1.39 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.86) and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.11) for children in the second and third quartiles, respectively, versus the lowest quartile. Brain cancer and infantile cancer were not associated with AM RFR.
brain neoplasms; child; environmental exposure; leukemia; radiation; radio
Abbreviations: AM, amplitude modulation; CI, confidence interval; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; RFR, radio-frequency radiation; SES, socioeconomic status
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