American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access originally published online on August 24, 2006
American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 164(11):1115-1120; doi:10.1093/aje/kwj275
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
PRACTICE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY |
The Birth Weight "Paradox" Uncovered?
1 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
2 Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA
3 Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD
Correspondence to Dr. Sonia Hernández-Díaz, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 (e-mail: shernan{at}hsph.harvard.edu).
Low birth weight (LBW) infants have lower infant mortality in groups in which LBW is most frequent. For example, in 1991, US infants born to smokers had higher risks of both LBW and infant mortality than infants born to nonsmokers. However, among LBW infants, infant mortality was lower for infants born to smokers (relative rate = 0.79). There are competing theories regarding this so-called "paradox." One is that maternal smoking is beneficial for LBW infants. The authors use causal diagrams to show that, even in the absence of any beneficial effect of smoking, an inverse association due to stratification on birth weight can be found. This variable is affected by the exposure of interest and shares common causes with the outcome. That is, LBW infants born to smokers may have a lower risk of mortality than other LBW infants whose LBW is due to causes associated with high mortality (e.g., birth defects). Under realistic causal diagrams, adjustment for birth weight is unwarranted when the analytical goal is to estimate overall effects of prenatal variables on infant mortality. Even for estimating direct effects of prenatal variables, adjustment for birth weight may be invalid when there is an unmeasured common cause of LBW and mortality. An appropriate justification for conditioning on birth weight requires specifying 1) the causal question motivating this analytical approach and 2) the assumptions regarding the proposed underlying biologic mechanisms.
birth weight; confounding factors (epidemiology); infant, low birth weight; infant mortality; smoking
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DAG, directed acyclic graph; LBW, low birth weight
Editor's note: An invited commentary on this article appears on page 1121, and the authors' response appears on page 1124.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
Related articles in Am. J. Epidemiol.:
- Invited Commentary: The Perils of Birth Weight—A Lesson from Directed Acyclic Graphs
- Allen J. Wilcox
Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006 164: 1121-1123.[Abstract] [FREE Full Text] - Hernández-Díaz et al. Respond to "The Perils of Birth Weight"
- Sonia Hernández-Díaz, Enrique F. Schisterman, and Miguel A. Hernán
Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006 164: 1124-1125.[Extract] [FREE Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  N Auger, Z-C Luo, R W Platt, and M Daniel Do mother's education and foreign born status interact to influence birth outcomes? Clarifying the epidemiological paradox and the healthy migrant effect J. Epidemiol. Community Health, May 1, 2008; 62(5): 402 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Caffo, S. Chen, W. Stewart, K. Bolla, D. Yousem, C. Davatzikos, and B. S. Schwartz Are Brain Volumes based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mediators of the Associations of Cumulative Lead Dose with Cognitive Function? Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2008; 167(4): 429 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Huang MD MSc, R. Sauve MD MPH, N. Birkett MD MSc, D. Fergusson MHA PhD, and C. van Walraven MD MSc Maternal age and risk of stillbirth: a systematic review Can. Med. Assoc. J., January 15, 2008; 178(2): 165 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. VanderWeele and J. M. Robins Directed Acyclic Graphs, Sufficient Causes, and the Properties of Conditioning on a Common Effect Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2007; 166(9): 1096 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Delbaere, S. Vansteelandt, D. De Bacquer, H. Verstraelen, J. Gerris, P. De Sutter, and M. Temmerman Should we adjust for gestational age when analysing birth weights? The use of z-scores revisited Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2007; 22(8): 2080 - 2083. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Wilcox Invited Commentary: The Perils of Birth Weight--A Lesson from Directed Acyclic Graphs Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2006; 164(11): 1121 - 1123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hernandez-Diaz, E. F. Schisterman, and M. A. Hernan Hernandez-Diaz et al. Respond to "The Perils of Birth Weight" Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2006; 164(11): 1124 - 1125. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|