Copyright © 2004 by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Dietary Supplement Use by US Adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000
1 Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD.
2 Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
Data from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey of US health and nutrition, were analyzed to assess prevalence of dietary supplement use overall and in relation to lifestyle and demographic characteristics. Fifty-two percent of adults reported taking a dietary supplement in the past month; 35% took a multivitamin/multimineral. Vitamin C, vitamin E, B-complex vitamins, calcium, and calcium-containing antacids were taken by more than 5% of adults. In bivariate analyses, female gender, older age, more education, non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity, any physical activity, normal/underweight, more frequent wine or distilled spirit consumption, former smoking, and excellent/very good self-reported health were associated with greater use of any supplement and of multivitamin/multiminerals; in multivariable comparisons, the latter three characteristics were not associated with supplement use. Most supplements were taken daily and for at least 2 years. Forty-seven percent of adult supplement users took just one supplement; 55% of women and 63% of adults aged 
60 years took more than one. These findings suggest that, to minimize possible spurious associations, epidemiologic studies of diet, demography, or lifestyle and health take dietary supplement use into account because of 1) supplements’ large contribution to nutrient intake and 2) differential use of supplements by demographic and lifestyle characteristics.
adult; antacids; dietary supplements; health surveys; minerals; nutrition surveys; vitamins
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio; UL, Upper Intake Levels.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Q. Xu, C. G Parks, L. A DeRoo, R. M Cawthon, D. P Sandler, and H. Chen Multivitamin use and telomere length in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2009; 89(6): 1857 - 1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hemila and J. Kaprio Modification of the Effect of Vitamin E Supplementation on the Mortality of Male Smokers by Age and Dietary Vitamin C Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2009; 169(8): 946 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Gao, A. L. Fitzpatrick, B. Psaty, R. Jiang, W. Post, J. Cutler, and M. L. Maciejewski Suboptimal Nutritional Intake for Hypertension Control in 4 Ethnic Groups Arch Intern Med, April 13, 2009; 169(7): 702 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Satia, A. Littman, C. G. Slatore, J. A. Galanko, and E. White Long-term Use of {beta}-Carotene, Retinol, Lycopene, and Lutein Supplements and Lung Cancer Risk: Results From the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) Study Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2009; 169(7): 815 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Park, L. Harnack, and D. R. Jacobs Jr. Trends in Dietary Supplement Use in a Cohort of Postmenopausal Women From Iowa Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2009; 169(7): 887 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Berry, J. K. Wathen, and M. Newell Bayesian model averaging in meta-analysis: vitamin E supplementation and mortality Clinical Trials, February 1, 2009; 6(1): 28 - 41. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S Maruti, C. M Ulrich, and E. White Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2009; 89(2): 624 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Picciano and M. K McGuire Use of dietary supplements by pregnant and lactating women in North America Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2009; 89(2): 663S - 667S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Shaikh, R. S. Byrd, and P. Auinger Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use by Children and Adolescents in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Relationship With Nutrition, Food Security, Physical Activity, and Health Care Access Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 2009; 163(2): 150 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 27, 2009; 119(3): e21 - e181. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Qato, G. C. Alexander, R. M. Conti, M. Johnson, P. Schumm, and S. T. Lindau Use of Prescription and Over-the-counter Medications and Dietary Supplements Among Older Adults in the United States JAMA, December 24, 2008; 300(24): 2867 - 2878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. D. Sesso, J. E. Buring, W. G. Christen, T. Kurth, C. Belanger, J. MacFadyen, V. Bubes, J. E. Manson, R. J. Glynn, and J. M. Gaziano Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men: The Physicians' Health Study II Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, November 12, 2008; 300(18): 2123 - 2133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Zhang, N. R. Cook, C. M. Albert, J. M. Gaziano, J. E. Buring, and J. E. Manson Effect of Combined Folic Acid, Vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12 on Cancer Risk in Women: A Randomized Trial JAMA, November 5, 2008; 300(17): 2012 - 2021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D Kalmbach, S. F Choumenkovitch, A. M Troen, R. D'Agostino, P. F Jacques, and J. Selhub Circulating folic acid in plasma: relation to folic acid fortification Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 763 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-I. Kim Folic Acid Supplementation and Cancer Risk: Point Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2008; 17(9): 2220 - 2225. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A Yetley Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2008; 88(2): 558S - 564S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. M. Y. Szeto, A. Aziz, P. J. Das, A. Y. Taha, N. Okubo, S. Reza-Lopez, A. Giacca, and G. H. Anderson High multivitamin intake by Wistar rats during pregnancy results in increased food intake and components of the metabolic syndrome in male offspring Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): R575 - R582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Wolpin, E. K. Wei, K. Ng, J. A. Meyerhardt, J. A. Chan, J. Selhub, E. L. Giovannucci, and C. S. Fuchs Prediagnostic Plasma Folate and the Risk of Death in Patients With Colorectal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., July 1, 2008; 26(19): 3222 - 3228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Luebeck, S. H. Moolgavkar, A. Y. Liu, A. Boynton, and C. M. Ulrich Does Folic Acid Supplementation Prevent or Promote Colorectal Cancer? Results from Model-Based Predictions Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2008; 17(6): 1360 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. V. Hartert, X. Deng, T. J. Hartman, W. Wen, G. Yang, Y.-T. Gao, M. Jin, C. Bai, M. Gross, L. J. Roberts II, et al. The Shanghai Women's Asthma and Allergy Study: Objectives, Design, and Recruitment Results Am. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2008; 167(11): 1387 - 1396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ishitani, J. Lin, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and S. M. Zhang A Prospective Study of Multivitamin Supplement Use and Risk of Breast Cancer Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2008; 167(10): 1197 - 1206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Berube, C. Diorio, and J. Brisson Multivitamin-multimineral supplement use and mammographic breast density Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1400 - 1404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. E. Kelemen, T. A. Sellers, J. M. Schildkraut, J. M. Cunningham, R. A. Vierkant, V. S. Pankratz, Z. S. Fredericksen, M. K. Gadre, D. N. Rider, M. Liebow, et al. Genetic Variation in the One-Carbon Transfer Pathway and Ovarian Cancer Risk Cancer Res., April 1, 2008; 68(7): 2498 - 2506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. G. Slatore, A. J. Littman, D. H. Au, J. A. Satia, and E. White Long-Term Use of Supplemental Multivitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and Folate Does Not Reduce the Risk of Lung Cancer Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., March 1, 2008; 177(5): 524 - 530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Velicer and C. M. Ulrich Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Use Among US Adults After Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2008; 26(4): 665 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Bartali, E. A. Frongillo, J. M. Guralnik, M. H. Stipanuk, H. G. Allore, A. Cherubini, S. Bandinelli, L. Ferrucci, and T. M. Gill Serum Micronutrient Concentrations and Decline in Physical Function Among Older Persons JAMA, January 23, 2008; 299(3): 308 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Lichtenstein, H. Rasmussen, W. W. Yu, S. R. Epstein, and R. M. Russell Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 5 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Davis, K. Resnicow, A. A. Atienza, K. E. Peterson, A. Domas, A. Hunt, T. G. Hurley, A. L. Yaroch, G. W. Greene, T. Goldman Sher, et al. Use of Signal Detection Methodology to Identify Subgroups of Dietary Supplement Use in Diverse Populations J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 205S - 211S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. L. Nisly, B. M. Gryzlak, M. B. Zimmerman, and R. B. Wallace Dietary Supplement Polypharmacy: An Unrecognized Public Health Problem? Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., December 5, 2007; (2007) nem150v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Picciano, J. T. Dwyer, K. L. Radimer, D. H. Wilson, K. D. Fisher, P. R. Thomas, E. A. Yetley, A. J. Moshfegh, P. S. Levy, S. J. Nielsen, et al. Dietary Supplement Use Among Infants, Children, and Adolescents in the United States, 1999-2002 Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, October 1, 2007; 161(10): 978 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B Bailey The rise and fall of blood folate in the United States emphasizes the need to identify all sources of folic acid Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 528 - 530. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Touger-Decker Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: What Is the Dentist to Do? J Am Dent Assoc, September 1, 2007; 138(9): 1222 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Bleys, A. Navas-Acien, and E. Guallar Selenium and Diabetes: More Bad News for Supplements Ann Intern Med, August 21, 2007; 147(4): 271 - 272. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Mason, A. Dickstein, P. F. Jacques, P. Haggarty, J. Selhub, G. Dallal, and I. H. Rosenberg A Temporal Association between Folic Acid Fortification and an Increase in Colorectal Cancer Rates May Be Illuminating Important Biological Principles: A Hypothesis Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2007; 16(7): 1325 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Taioli Use of permitted drugs in Italian professional soccer players Br. J. Sports Med., July 1, 2007; 41(7): 439 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Straub Calcium Supplementation in Clinical Practice: A Review of Forms, Doses, and Indications Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2007; 22(3): 286 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Lawson, M. E. Wright, A. Subar, T. Mouw, A. Hollenbeck, A. Schatzkin, and M. F. Leitzmann Multivitamin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study J Natl Cancer Inst, May 16, 2007; 99(10): 754 - 764. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ma, R. A Johns, and R. S Stafford Americans are not meeting current calcium recommendations Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1361 - 1366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, L. L. Gluud, R. G. Simonetti, and C. Gluud Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis JAMA, February 28, 2007; 297(8): 842 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A Yetley Multivitamin and multimineral dietary supplements: definitions, characterization, bioavailability, and drug interactions Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2007; 85(1): 269S - 276S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L Rock Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: who uses them? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2007; 85(1): 277S - 279S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P Murphy, K. K White, S.-Y. Park, and S. Sharma Multivitamin-multimineral supplements' effect on total nutrient intake Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2007; 85(1): 280S - 284S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B. Rein, P. Zhang, K. E. Wirth, P. P. Lee, T. J. Hoerger, N. McCall, R. Klein, J. M. Tielsch, S. Vijan, and J. Saaddine The Economic Burden of Major Adult Visual Disorders in the United States Arch Ophthalmol, December 1, 2006; 124(12): 1754 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y-I Kim Folate: a magic bullet or a double edged sword for colorectal cancer prevention? Gut, October 1, 2006; 55(10): 1387 - 1389. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-Y. Huang, B. Caballero, S. Chang, A. J. Alberg, R. D. Semba, C. R. Schneyer, R. F. Wilson, T.-Y. Cheng, J. Vassy, G. Prokopowicz, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement Use To Prevent Cancer and Chronic Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review for a National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Ann Intern Med, September 5, 2006; 145(5): 372 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S Ford, R. L Schleicher, A. H Mokdad, U. A Ajani, and S. Liu Distribution of serum concentrations of {alpha}-tocopherol and {gamma}-tocopherol in the US population. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 375 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-Y. Park, S. P. Murphy, L. R. Wilkens, J. F. Yamamoto, and L. N. Kolonel Allowing for Variations in Multivitamin Supplement Composition Improves Nutrient Intake Estimates for Epidemiologic Studies J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1359 - 1364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Forshee, P. A. Anderson, and M. L. Storey Changes in Calcium Intake and Association with Beverage Consumption and Demographics: Comparing Data from CSFII 1994-1996, 1998 and NHANES 1999-2002. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 25(2): 108 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Ulrich and J. D. Potter Folate supplementation: too much of a good thing? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 189 - 193. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Troen, B. Mitchell, B. Sorensen, M. H. Wener, A. Johnston, B. Wood, J. Selhub, A. McTiernan, Y. Yasui, E. Oral, et al. Unmetabolized Folic Acid in Plasma Is Associated with Reduced Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity among Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 189 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. McDougall Jr., V. Austin-Wells, and T. Zimmerman Utility of Nutraceutical Products Marketed for Cognitive and Memory Enhancement J Holist Nurs, December 1, 2005; 23(4): 415 - 433. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M B Forrester Folic acid calls to poison centers in Texas, 1998-2003 Human and Experimental Toxicology, August 1, 2005; 24(8): 423 - 427. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Massey, M. Liebman, and S. A. Kynast-Gales Ascorbate Increases Human Oxaluria and Kidney Stone Risk J. Nutr., July 1, 2005; 135(7): 1673 - 1677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. McNaughton, G. D. Mishra, A. A. Paul, C. J. Prynne, and M. E. J. Wadsworth Supplement Use Is Associated with Health Status and Health-Related Behaviors in the 1946 British Birth Cohort J. Nutr., July 1, 2005; 135(7): 1782 - 1789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Haggans, K. S. Regan, L. M. Brown, C. Wang, J. Krebs-Smith, P. M. Coates, and C. A. Swanson Computer Access to Research on Dietary Supplements: A Database of Federally Funded Dietary Supplement Research J. Nutr., July 1, 2005; 135(7): 1796 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A Raji, Y.-F. Kuo, S. A. Snih, B. M Sharaf, and J. A Loera Ethnic Differences in Herb and Vitamin/Mineral Use in the Elderly Ann. Pharmacother., June 1, 2005; 39(6): 1019 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|