Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:242-251.
Copyright © 2004 by the Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Condom Effectiveness for Reducing Transmission of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: The Importance of Assessing Partner Infection Status
1 National Center for HIV, STD and TB Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
2 Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
3 Global AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
4 Denver Department of Public Health, Denver, CO.
5 Department of Health Science, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA.
6 Baltimore City Health Department, Baltimore, MD.
7 Infectious Diseases Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
8 Newark Department of Public Health, Newark, NJ.
9 San Francisco Department of Health, San Francisco, CA.
10 Annenberg Public Policy Center, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
11 National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
This analysis examined the importance of differential exposure to infected partners in epidemiologic studies of latex condom effectiveness for prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Cross-sectional, enrollment visit data were analyzed from Project RESPECT, a trial of counseling interventions conducted at five publicly funded US sexually transmitted disease clinics between 1993 and 1997. The association between consistent condom use in the previous 3 months and prevalent gonorrhea and chlamydia (Gc/Ct) was compared between participants known to have infected partners and participants whose partner infection status was unknown. Among 429 participants with known Gc/Ct exposure, consistent condom use was associated with a significant reduction in prevalent gonorrhea and chlamydia (30% vs. 43%; adjusted prevalence odds ratio = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.18, 0.99). Among 4,314 participants with unknown Gc/Ct exposure, consistent condom use was associated with a lower reduction in prevalent gonorrhea and chlamydia (24% vs. 25%; adjusted prevalence odds ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.66, 1.01). The number of unprotected sex acts was significantly associated with infection when exposure was known (p for trend < 0.01) but not when exposure was unknown (p for trend = 0.73). Restricting analyses to participants with known exposure to infected partners provides a feasible and efficient mechanism for reducing confounding from differential exposure to infected partners in condom effectiveness studies.
chlamydia; contraceptive devices, male; gonorrhea; HIV infections; sexual behavior; sexually transmitted diseases
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: Gc/Ct, gonorrhea/chlamydia; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; STD, sexually transmitted disease; STI, sexually transmitted infection.
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