Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:1002-1012.
Copyright © 2004 by the Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Substance Use and Sexual Risk: A Participant- and Episode-level Analysis among a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex with Men
1 San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA.
2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
3 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.
4 Howard Brown Health Center, Chicago, IL.
5 The New York Blood Center, New York, NY.
6 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
7 Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
8 National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
9 Fenway Community Health Center, Boston, MA.
10 Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA.
11 Denver Public Health Department, Denver, CO.
12 University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO.
13 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD.
14 Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
Prior reports associating substance use with sexual risk behavior have generally used summary measures and have not adjusted for participants’ background levels of substance use. In this 1999–2001 US study (the EXPLORE study), the authors determined whether substance use during sex was independently associated with sexual risk during recent sexual episodes, as reported by 4,295 human immunodeficiency virus–negative men who have sex with men. The main outcome measure was serodiscordant unprotected anal sex (SDUA). The influence of participant-level characteristics was examined by using repeated-measures logistic models. In assessing the influence of episode-level predictors on SDUA, the influence of participant-level characteristics, including 6-month substance use, was removed by using conditional logistic regression, in effect making each participant his own control. The authors also adjusted for partner characteristics. Eleven percent of participants reported heavy alcohol use, 37% used poppers, 19% sniffed cocaine, and 13% used amphetamines. In the participant-level analysis, use of poppers, amphetamines, and sniffed cocaine as well as heavy alcohol use in the prior 6 months were independently associated with SDUA. In the conditional analysis, consumption of 
6 alcoholic drinks or use of poppers, amphetamines, or sniffed cocaine just before or during sex was independently associated with SDUA. The authors concluded that programs aimed at preventing human immunodeficiency virus transmission should emphasize the influence of substance use during sex on increased risk behavior.
alcohol drinking; amphetamine; amyl nitrite; HIV; logistic models; risk factors; risk-taking; sexual behavior
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MSM, men who have sex with men; SDUA, serodiscordant unprotected anal sex.
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