Am J Epidemiol 2003; 158:14-21.
Copyright © 2003 by Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
PRACTICE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY |
Structure of Dietary Measurement Error: Results of the OPEN Biomarker Study
1 Biometry Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
2 Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
3 Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
4 Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
5 Medical Research Council, Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
6 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
7 Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.
8 Department of Statistics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
Multiple-day food records or 24-hour dietary recalls (24HRs) are commonly used as "reference" instruments to calibrate food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) and to adjust findings from nutritional epidemiologic studies for measurement error. Correct adjustment requires that the errors in the adopted reference instrument be independent of those in the FFQ and of true intake. The authors report data from the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study, conducted from September 1999 to March 2000, in which valid reference biomarkers for energy (doubly labeled water) and protein (urinary nitrogen), together with a FFQ and 24HR, were observed in 484 healthy volunteers from Montgomery County, Maryland. Accounting for the reference biomarkers, the data suggest that the FFQ leads to severe attenuation in estimated disease relative risks for absolute protein or energy intake (a true relative risk of 2 would appear as 1.1 or smaller). For protein adjusted for energy intake by using either nutrient density or nutrient residuals, the attenuation is less severe (a relative risk of 2 would appear as approximately 1.3), lending weight to the use of energy adjustment. Using the 24HR as a reference instrument can seriously underestimate true attenuation (up to 60% for energy-adjusted protein). Results suggest that the interpretation of findings from FFQ-based epidemiologic studies of diet-disease associations needs to be reevaluated.
bias (epidemiology); biological markers; diet; energy intake; epidemiologic methods; nutrition assessment; questionnaires; reference values
Abbreviations: Abbreviations: DLW, doubly labeled water; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; OPEN, Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition; 24HR, 24-hour dietary recall.
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M. C. Stern, K. D. Siegmund, R. Corral, and R. W. Haile XRCC1 and XRCC3 Polymorphisms and Their Role as Effect Modifiers of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidant Intake on Colorectal Adenomas Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2005; 14(3): 609 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Shai, B. A. Rosner, D. R. Shahar, H. Vardi, A. B. Azrad, A. Kanfi, D. Schwarzfuchs, and D. Fraser Dietary Evaluation and Attenuation of Relative Risk: Multiple Comparisons between Blood and Urinary Biomarkers, Food Frequency, and 24-Hour Recall Questionnaires: the DEARR Study J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 573 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Chao, M. J. Thun, C. J. Connell, M. L. McCullough, E. J. Jacobs, W. D. Flanders, C. Rodriguez, R. Sinha, and E. E. Calle Meat Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer JAMA, January 12, 2005; 293(2): 172 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Day, M. Wong, S Bingham, K. Khaw, R Luben, K. Michels, A Welch, and N. Wareham Correlated measurement error--implications for nutritional epidemiology Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 33(6): 1373 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. W Jakes, N. E Day, R. Luben, A. Welch, S. Bingham, J. Mitchell, S. Hennings, K. Rennie, and N. J Wareham Adjusting for energy intake--what measure to use in nutritional epidemiological studies? Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 33(6): 1382 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Spiegelman Commentary: Correlated errors and energy adjustment--where are the data? Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 33(6): 1387 - 1388. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Lin, S. M. Zhang, N. R. Cook, I-M. Lee, and J. E. Buring Dietary Fat and Fatty Acids and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2004; 160(10): 1011 - 1022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schatzkin and V. Kipnis Could Exposure Assessment Problems Give Us Wrong Answers to Nutrition and Cancer Questions? J Natl Cancer Inst, November 3, 2004; 96(21): 1564 - 1565. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Ferrari, R. Kaaks, M. T. Fahey, N. Slimani, N. E. Day, G. Pera, H. C. Boshuizen, A. Roddam, H. Boeing, G. Nagel, et al. Within- and Between-Cohort Variation in Measured Macronutrient Intakes, Taking Account of Measurement Errors, in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study Am. J. Epidemiol., October 15, 2004; 160(8): 814 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Prentice, W. C. Willett, P. Greenwald, D. Alberts, L. Bernstein, N. F. Boyd, T. Byers, S. K. Clinton, G. Fraser, L. Freedman, et al. Nutrition and Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Prevention: Research Strategies and Recommendations J Natl Cancer Inst, September 1, 2004; 96(17): 1276 - 1287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S. Freedman, D. Midthune, R. J. Carroll, S. Krebs-Smith, A. F. Subar, R. P. Troiano, K. Dodd, A. Schatzkin, P. Ferrari, and V. Kipnis Adjustments to Improve the Estimation of Usual Dietary Intake Distributions in the Population J. Nutr., July 1, 2004; 134(7): 1836 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Hoffmann, M. B. Schulze, A. Schienkiewitz, U. Nothlings, and H. Boeing Application of a New Statistical Method to Derive Dietary Patterns in Nutritional Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2004; 159(10): 935 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P. Pierce, V. A. Newman, S. W. Flatt, S. Faerber, C. L. Rock, L. Natarajan, B. J. Caan, E. B. Gold, K. A. Hollenbach, L. Wasserman, et al. Telephone Counseling Intervention Increases Intakes of Micronutrient- and Phytochemical-Rich Vegetables, Fruit and Fiber in Breast Cancer Survivors J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 452 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schatzkin, V. Kipnis, R. J Carroll, D. Midthune, A. F Subar, S. Bingham, D. A Schoeller, R. P Troiano, and L. S Freedman A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2003; 32(6): 1054 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Satia-Abouta, J. A. Galanko, J. D. Potter, A. Ammerman, C. F. Martin, and R. S. Sandler Associations of Total Energy and Macronutrients with Colon Cancer Risk in African Americans and Whites: Results from the North Carolina Colon Cancer Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2003; 158(10): 951 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Subar, V. Kipnis, R. P. Troiano, D. Midthune, D. A. Schoeller, S. Bingham, C. O. Sharbaugh, J. Trabulsi, S. Runswick, R. Ballard-Barbash, et al. Using Intake Biomarkers to Evaluate the Extent of Dietary Misreporting in a Large Sample of Adults: The OPEN Study Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2003; 158(1): 1 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Willett Invited Commentary: OPEN Questions Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2003; 158(1): 22 - 24. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Kipnis, A. F. Subar, A. Schatzkin, D. Midthune, R. P. Troiano, D. A. Schoeller, S. Bingham, and L. S. Freedman Kipnis et al. Respond to "OPEN Questions" Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2003; 158(1): 25 - 26. [Full Text] [PDF]
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