American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 152, Issue 9 829-837, Copyright © 2000 by Oxford University Press
I Hertz-Picciotto, M Schramm, M Watt-Morse, K Chantala, J Anderson and J Osterloh
The pattern of blood lead during pregnancy was investigated in a cohort of
195 women who, between October 1992 and February 1995, entered prenatal
care at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by week 13 of
pregnancy. Blood was drawn as many as five times, once in each of the first
two trimesters and a maximum of three times in the third trimester. Blood
lead determinations were made by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Potential sources or modifiers of lead exposure were collected by
interviews, including sociodemographic, pregnancy history, occupational,
and lifestyle data. Results confirmed a previously reported U-shaped curve
in blood lead concentration during pregnancy as well as findings that blood
lead levels increase with age, smoking, lower educational level, and
African-American race and decrease with history of breastfeeding and higher
intake of calcium. Additionally, interactions were found between time since
last menstrual period and both maternal age and calcium. Specifically,
older mothers showed steeper increases in blood lead concentrations during
the latter half of pregnancy than did younger mothers, and intake of
calcium had a protective effect only in the latter half of pregnancy, an
effect that became stronger as pregnancy progressed. These findings provide
further evidence that lead is mobilized from bone during the latter half of
pregnancy and that calcium intake may prevent bone demineralization.
Patterns and determinants of blood lead during pregnancy [In Process Citation]
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA. ihp@unc.edu
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