American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 152, No. 3 : 204-211
Copyright © 2000 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONS |
Risk Factors for Trachoma: 6-Year Follow-up of Children Aged 1 and 2 Years
1 Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
2 Department of Epidemiology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
4 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
5 Dana Center for Investigative Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
The authors investigated the long-term stability of risk factors in predicting the presence of active trachoma and severe inflammatory trachoma in 176 children in Kongwa, Tanzania, who were aged 1 and 2 years in 1989 and were available for follow-up in 1995. Familial cattle ownership, living more than 2 hours away from a water source, and facial cleanliness at both time points were associated with the presence of active trachoma at both time points (odds ratio (OR) = 2.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 5.79; OR = 3.07, 95% CI: 1.23, 7.64; and OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.26, 1.03, respectively). An association of familial cattle ownership with facial cleanliness and water accessibility was observed. Having a clean face at both time points was associated with lower odds of active trachoma at both time points for children in non-cattle-herding families (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.87). Living more than 2 hours away from a water source at both time points increased the odds of active trachoma at both time points in children of cattle-herding families (OR = 8.00, 95% CI: 1.99, 32.10). Noticeably, severe inflammatory trachoma at baseline predicted mortality in children from villages in which trachoma was less common (OR = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.09, 12.98). The results suggest that risk factor reduction could diminish persistent disease. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:204–11.
child; Chlamydia trachomatis; hygiene; mortality; risk factors; trachoma
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; DFA, direct fluorescent antibody; OR, odds ratio; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; EIA, enzyme immunoassay.
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