American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 145, No. 4: 301-308
Copyright © 1997 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
Risk of Dementia among Persons with Diabetes Mellitus: A Population-based Cohort Study
1Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation Rochester, MN
2Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation Rochester, MN
3Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation Scottsdale, AZ
Reprint requests to Dr. Cynthia Leibson, Harwick 655, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
It is unclear whether persons with diabetes are at increased risk for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. Existing studies are limited by small sample size, selection bias, and case-control designs. This population-based historical cohort study provides estimates of the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease associated with adult onset diabetes mellitus (AODM). The sample included all persons with AODM residing in Rochester, Minnesota, on January 1, 1970, plus all persons diagnosed in Rochester or who moved to Rochester with the diagnosis between January 1, 1970, and December 31, 1984. Individuals were followed through review of their complete medical records from AODM diagnosis until dementia onset, emigration, death, or January 1, 1985. Standardized morbidity ratios for dementia and Alzheimer's disease were calculated, using an expected incidence based on age- and sex-specific rates for the Rochester population. Poisson regression was used to estimate risks for persons with AODM relative to those without. Of the 1, 455 cases of AODM followed for 9,981 person-years, 101 developed dementia, including 77 who met criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Persons with AODM exhibited significantly increased risk of all dementia (Poisson regression relative risk (RR) = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.34–2.05). Risk of Alzheimer's disease was also elevated (for men, RR = 2.27, 95% Cl 1.55–3.31; for women, RR = 1.37, 95% Cl 0.94–2.01). These findings emphasize the importance of AODM prevention and prompt additional investigation of the relation between AODM and dementia. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 301–8.
Alzheimer's disease; amyloid; dementia; diabetes mellitus
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  B. Kim, C. Backus, S. Oh, J. M. Hayes, and E. L. Feldman Increased Tau Phosphorylation and Cleavage in Mouse Models of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Endocrinology, December 1, 2009; 150(12): 5294 - 5301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. Fitzpatrick, L. H. Kuller, O. L. Lopez, P. Diehr, E. S. O'Meara, W. T. Longstreth Jr, and J. A. Luchsinger Midlife and Late-Life Obesity and the Risk of Dementia: Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Neurol, March 1, 2009; 66(3): 336 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Launer Diabetes: Vascular or Neurodegenerative: An Epidemiologic Perspective Stroke, March 1, 2009; 40(3_suppl_1): S53 - S55. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Cukierman-Yaffe, H. C. Gerstein, J. D. Williamson, R. M. Lazar, L. Lovato, M. E. Miller, L. H. Coker, A. Murray, M. D. Sullivan, S. M. Marcovina, et al. Relationship Between Baseline Glycemic Control and Cognitive Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Memory in Diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) trial Diabetes Care, February 1, 2009; 32(2): 221 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Xu, C. Qiu, M. Gatz, N. L. Pedersen, B. Johansson, and L. Fratiglioni Mid- and Late-Life Diabetes in Relation to the Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Twin Study Diabetes, January 1, 2009; 58(1): 71 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Coley, S. Andrieu, V. Gardette, S. Gillette-Guyonnet, C. Sanz, B. Vellas, and A. Grand Dementia Prevention: Methodological Explanations for Inconsistent Results Epidemiol. Rev., November 1, 2008; 30(1): 35 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Knopman Go to the head of the class to avoid vascular dementia and skip diabetes and obesity Neurology, September 30, 2008; 71(14): 1046 - 1047. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. O. Roberts, Y. E. Geda, D. S. Knopman, T. J. H. Christianson, V. S. Pankratz, B. F. Boeve, A. Vella, W. A. Rocca, and R. C. Petersen Association of Duration and Severity of Diabetes Mellitus With Mild Cognitive Impairment Arch Neurol, August 1, 2008; 65(8): 1066 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Khazaei, M. Habibi-Rezaei, F. Karimzadeh, A. A. Moosavi-Movahedi, A. A. Sarrafnejhad, F. Sabouni, and M. Bakhti Microglial Cell Death Induced by Glycated Bovine Serum Albumin: Nitric Oxide Involvement J. Biochem., August 1, 2008; 144(2): 197 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. T. Kodl and E. R. Seaquist Cognitive Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2008; 29(4): 494 - 511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Brodbeck, M. E. Balestra, A. M. Saunders, A. D. Roses, R. W. Mahley, and Y. Huang Rosiglitazone increases dendritic spine density and rescues spine loss caused by apolipoprotein E4 in primary cortical neurons PNAS, January 29, 2008; 105(4): 1343 - 1346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Irie, A. L. Fitzpatrick, O. L. Lopez, L. H. Kuller, R. Peila, A. B. Newman, and L. J. Launer Enhanced Risk for Alzheimer Disease in Persons With Type 2 Diabetes and APOE {varepsilon}4: The Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study Arch Neurol, January 1, 2008; 65(1): 89 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Cao, H. Lu, T. L. Lewis, and L. Li Intake of Sucrose-sweetened Water Induces Insulin Resistance and Exacerbates Memory Deficits and Amyloidosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease J. Biol. Chem., December 14, 2007; 282(50): 36275 - 36282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Planel, Y. Tatebayashi, T. Miyasaka, L. Liu, L. Wang, M. Herman, W. H. Yu, J. A. Luchsinger, B. Wadzinski, K. E. Duff, et al. Insulin Dysfunction Induces In Vivo Tau Hyperphosphorylation through Distinct Mechanisms J. Neurosci., December 12, 2007; 27(50): 13635 - 13648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D S KNOPMAN Cerebrovascular disease and dementia Br. J. Radiol., December 1, 2007; 80(Special_Issue_2): S121 - S127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Tamaki, S. Ohtsuki, and T. Terasaki Insulin Facilitates the Hepatic Clearance of Plasma Amyloid beta-Peptide (1 40) by Intracellular Translocation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP-1) to the Plasma Membrane in Hepatocytes Mol. Pharmacol., October 1, 2007; 72(4): 850 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Burns, J. E. Donnelly, H. S. Anderson, M. S. Mayo, L. Spencer-Gardner, G. Thomas, B. B. Cronk, Z. Haddad, D. Klima, D. Hansen, et al. Peripheral insulin and brain structure in early Alzheimer disease Neurology, September 11, 2007; 69(11): 1094 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Baker, E. K. Marino Larsen, L. H. Kuller, R. Klein, B. E.K. Klein, D. S. Siscovick, C. Bernick, T. A. Manolio, and T. Y. Wong Retinal Microvascular Signs, Cognitive Function, and Dementia in Older Persons: The Cardiovascular Health Study Stroke, July 1, 2007; 38(7): 2041 - 2047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, C. Reitz, B. Patel, M.-X. Tang, J. J. Manly, and R. Mayeux Relation of Diabetes to Mild Cognitive Impairment Arch Neurol, April 1, 2007; 64(4): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hu, P. Jousilahti, S. Bidel, R. Antikainen, and J. Tuomilehto Type 2 Diabetes and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease Diabetes Care, April 1, 2007; 30(4): 842 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, B. Patel, M.-X. Tang, N. Schupf, and R. Mayeux Measures of Adiposity and Dementia Risk in Elderly Persons Arch Neurol, March 1, 2007; 64(3): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Arvanitakis, J. A. Schneider, R. S. Wilson, Y. Li, S. E. Arnold, Z. Wang, and D. A. Bennett Diabetes is related to cerebral infarction but not to AD pathology in older persons Neurology, December 12, 2006; 67(11): 1960 - 1965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Akomolafe, A. Beiser, J. B. Meigs, R. Au, R. C. Green, L. A. Farrer, P. A. Wolf, and S. Seshadri Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Developing Alzheimer Disease: Results From the Framingham Study Arch Neurol, November 1, 2006; 63(11): 1551 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Manschot, A. M.A. Brands, J. van der Grond, R. P.C. Kessels, A. Algra, L. J. Kappelle, G. J. Biessels, and on behalf of the Utrecht Diabetic Encephalopathy S Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, April 1, 2006; 55(4): 1106 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, C. Reitz, L. S. Honig, M. X. Tang, S. Shea, and R. Mayeux Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease Neurology, August 23, 2005; 65(4): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Vandenberghe and J Tournoy Cognitive aging and Alzheimer's disease Postgrad. Med. J., June 1, 2005; 81(956): 343 - 352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Beeri, J. M. Silverman, K. L. Davis, D. Marin, H. Z. Grossman, J. Schmeidler, D. P. Purohit, D. P. Perl, M. Davidson, R. C. Mohs, et al. Type 2 Diabetes Is Negatively Associated With Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2005; 60(4): 471 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Didion, C. M. Lynch, G. L. Baumbach, and F. M. Faraci Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Responses and Enhanced Influence of Rho-Kinase in Cerebral Arterioles in Type II Diabetes Stroke, February 1, 2005; 36(2): 342 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Schnaider Beeri, U. Goldbourt, J. M. Silverman, S. Noy, J. Schmeidler, R. Ravona-Springer, A. Sverdlick, and M. Davidson Diabetes mellitus in midlife and the risk of dementia three decades later Neurology, November 23, 2004; 63(10): 1902 - 1907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. L. Xu, C. X. Qiu, A. Wahlin, B. Winblad, and L. Fratiglioni Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia in the Kungsholmen project: A 6-year follow-up study Neurology, October 12, 2004; 63(7): 1181 - 1186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Luchsinger, M.-X. Tang, S. Shea, and R. Mayeux Hyperinsulinemia and risk of Alzheimer disease Neurology, October 12, 2004; 63(7): 1187 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Yaffe, T. Blackwell, A. M. Kanaya, N. Davidowitz, E. Barrett-Connor, and K. Krueger Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and development of cognitive impairment in older women Neurology, August 24, 2004; 63(4): 658 - 663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ubeda, D. M. Kemp, and J. F. Habener Glucose-Induced Expression of the Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinase 5 Activator p35 Involved in Alzheimer's Disease Regulates Insulin Gene Transcription in Pancreatic {beta}-Cells Endocrinology, June 1, 2004; 145(6): 3023 - 3031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Farris, S. Mansourian, M. A. Leissring, E. A. Eckman, L. Bertram, C. B. Eckman, R. E. Tanzi, and D. J. Selkoe Partial Loss-of-Function Mutations in Insulin-Degrading Enzyme that Induce Diabetes also Impair Degradation of Amyloid {beta}-Protein Am. J. Pathol., April 1, 2004; 164(4): 1425 - 1434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Planel, T. Miyasaka, T. Launey, D.-H. Chui, K. Tanemura, S. Sato, O. Murayama, K. Ishiguro, Y. Tatebayashi, and A. Takashima Alterations in Glucose Metabolism Induce Hypothermia Leading to Tau Hyperphosphorylation through Differential Inhibition of Kinase and Phosphatase Activities: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease J. Neurosci., March 10, 2004; 24(10): 2401 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Logroscino, J. H. Kang, and F. Grodstein Prospective study of type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline in women aged 70-81 years BMJ, March 6, 2004; 328(7439): 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Tilvis, M. H. Kahonen-Vare, J. Jolkkonen, J. Valvanne, K. H. Pitkala, and T. E. Strandberg Predictors of Cognitive Decline and Mortality of Aged People Over a 10-Year Period J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2004; 59(3): M268 - M274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Janson, T. Laedtke, J. E. Parisi, P. O'Brien, R. C. Petersen, and P. C. Butler Increased Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Alzheimer Disease Diabetes, February 1, 2004; 53(2): 474 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. W. Gregg and A. Brown Cognitive and Physical Disabilities and Aging-Related Complications of Diabetes Clin. Diabetes, July 1, 2003; 21(3): 113 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Greenwood, R. J. Kaplan, S. Hebblethwaite, and D. J.A. Jenkins Carbohydrate-Induced Memory Impairment in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, July 1, 2003; 26(7): 1961 - 1966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. I. Moreira, M. S. Santos, A. M. Moreno, R. Seica, and C. R. Oliveira Increased Vulnerability of Brain Mitochondria in Diabetic (Goto-Kakizaki) Rats With Aging and Amyloid-{beta} Exposure Diabetes, June 1, 2003; 52(6): 1449 - 1456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Shumaker, C. Legault, S. R. Rapp, L. Thal, R. B. Wallace, J. K. Ockene, S. L. Hendrix, B. N. Jones III, A. R. Assaf, R. D. Jackson, et al. Estrogen Plus Progestin and the Incidence of Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, May 28, 2003; 289(20): 2651 - 2662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Farris, S. Mansourian, Y. Chang, L. Lindsley, E. A. Eckman, M. P. Frosch, C. B. Eckman, R. E. Tanzi, D. J. Selkoe, and S. Guenette Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta -protein, and the beta -amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo PNAS, April 1, 2003; 100(7): 4162 - 4167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G. Cook, J. B. Leverenz, P. J. McMillan, J. J. Kulstad, S. Ericksen, R. A. Roth, G. D. Schellenberg, L.-W. Jin, K. S. Kovacina, and S. Craft Reduced Hippocampal Insulin-Degrading Enzyme in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated with the Apolipoprotein E-{epsilon}4 Allele Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2003; 162(1): 313 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Y. Wong, R. Klein, A. R. Sharrett, F. J. Nieto, L. L. Boland, D. J. Couper, T. H. Mosley, B. E.K. Klein, L. D. Hubbard, and M. Szklo Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities and Cognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged Persons: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Stroke, June 1, 2002; 33(6): 1487 - 1492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Langa, S. Vijan, R. A. Hayward, M. E. Chernew, C. S. Blaum, M. U. Kabeto, D. R. Weir, S. J. Katz, R. J. Willis, and A. M. Fendrick Informal Caregiving for Diabetes and Diabetic Complications Among Elderly Americans J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., May 1, 2002; 57(3): S177 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Asimakopoulou and S. E. Hampson Cognitive Functioning and Self-Management in Older People With Diabetes Diabetes Spectr, April 1, 2002; 15(2): 116 - 121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Peila, B. L. Rodriguez, and L. J. Launer Type 2 Diabetes, APOE Gene, and the Risk for Dementia and Related Pathologies: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 1256 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Luchsinger, M.-X. Tang, Y. Stern, S. Shea, and R. Mayeux Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia with Stroke in a Multiethnic Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 154(7): 635 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Lindeman, L. J. Romero, A. LaRue, C. L. Yau, D. S. Schade, K. M. Koehler, R. N. Baumgartner, and P. J. Garry A Biethnic Community Survey of Cognition in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes, Impaired Glucose Tolerance, and Normal Glucose Tolerance: The New Mexico Elder Health Survey Diabetes Care, September 1, 2001; 24(9): 1567 - 1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Gasparini, G. K. Gouras, R. Wang, R. S. Gross, M. F. Beal, P. Greengard, and H. Xu Stimulation of {beta}-Amyloid Precursor Protein Trafficking by Insulin Reduces Intraneuronal {beta}-Amyloid and Requires Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling J. Neurosci., April 15, 2001; 21(8): 2561 - 2570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Fontbonne, C. Berr, P. Ducimetière, and A. Alpérovitch Changes in Cognitive Abilities Over a 4-Year Period Are Unfavorably Affected in Elderly Diabetic Subjects: Results of the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study Diabetes Care, February 1, 2001; 24(2): 366 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Knopman, L.L. Boland, T. Mosley, G. Howard, D. Liao, M. Szklo, P. McGovern, and A. R. Folsom Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults Neurology, January 9, 2001; 56(1): 42 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Weintraub, A. Raskin, P. E. Ruskin, A. L. Gruber-Baldini, S. I. Zimmerman, J. R. Hebel, P. German, and J. Magaziner Racial Differences in the Prevalence of Dementia Among Patients Admitted to Nursing Homes Psychiatr Serv, October 1, 2000; 51(10): 1259 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Bennett Diabetes and Change in Cognitive Function Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2000; 160(2): 141 - 143. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Gregg, K. Yaffe, J. A. Cauley, D. B. Rolka, T. L. Blackwell, K. M. V. Narayan, S. R. Cummings, and for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research G Is Diabetes Associated With Cognitive Impairment and Cognitive Decline Among Older Women? Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2000; 160(2): 174 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Zhao, H. Chen, H. Xu, E. Moore, N. Meiri, M. J. Quon, and D. L. Alkon Brain Insulin Receptors and Spatial Memory. CORRELATED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION, TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION, AND SIGNALING MOLECULES IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF WATER MAZE TRAINED RATS J. Biol. Chem., December 3, 1999; 274(49): 34893 - 34902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ott, R. P. Stolk, F. van Harskamp, H. A. P. Pols, A. Hofman, and M. M. B. Breteler Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study Neurology, December 1, 1999; 53(9): 1937 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Curb, B. L. Rodriguez, R. D. Abbott, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, K. H. Masaki, D. Foley, P. L. Blanchette, T. Harris, R. Chen, et al. Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance Neurology, March 1, 1999; 52(5): 971 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Luukinen, P. Viramo, K. Koski, P. Laippala, and S.-L. Kivela Head injuries and cognitive decline among older adults: A population-based study Neurology, February 1, 1999; 52(3): 557 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R STEWART Cardiovascular factors in Alzheimer's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 1998; 65(2): 143 - 147. [Full Text]
|
|