American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 145, No. 1: 72-80
Copyright © 1997 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
Time-to-Event Analysis of Longitudinal Follow-up of a Survey: Choice of the Time-scale
1Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Be-thesda, MD
2Biometry Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
3Information Management Services, Silver Spring, MD
Reprint requests to Dr. Edward L Kom, Biometric Research Branch EPN-739, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Following individuals sampled in a large-scale health survey for the development of diseases and/or death offers the opportunity to assess the prognostic significance of various risk factors. The proportional hazards regression model, which allows for the control of covariates, is frequently used for the analysis of such data. The authors discuss the appropriate time-scale for such regression models, and they recommend that age rather than time since the baseline survey (time-on-study) be used. Additionally, with age as the time-scale, control for calendar-period and/or birth cohort effects can be achieved by stratifying the model on birth cohort. Because, as discussed by the authors, many published analyses have used regression models with time-on-study as the time-scale, it is important to assess the magnitude of the error incurred from this type of incorrect modeling. The authors provide simple conditions for when incorrect use of time-on-study as the time-scale will nevertheless yield approximately unbiased proportional hazards regression coefficients. Examples are given using data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) Epidemiologic Followup Study. Additional issues concerning the analysis of longitudinal follow-up of survey data are briefly discussed. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 145: 72–80
cohort studies; epidemiologic methods; proportional hazards models; statistics; survey methods; survival analysis
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J. R. Cerhan, J. D. Potter, J. M.E. Gilmore, C. A. Janney, L. H. Kushi, D. Lazovich, K. E. Anderson, T. A. Sellers, and A. R. Folsom Adherence to the AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and Subsequent Morbidity and Mortality in the Iowa Women's Health Study Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2004; 13(7): 1114 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. P. Erlinger, P. Muntner, and K. J. Helzlsouer WBC Count and the Risk of Cancer Mortality in a National Sample of U.S. Adults: Results from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., June 1, 2004; 13(6): 1052 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. MacInnis, D. R. English, J. L. Hopper, A. M. Haydon, D. M. Gertig, and G. G. Giles Body Size and Composition and Colon Cancer Risk in Men Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2004; 13(4): 553 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Tseng, R. A. Breslow, R. F. DeVellis, and R. G. Ziegler Dietary Patterns and Prostate Cancer Risk in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiological Follow-up Study Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2004; 13(1): 71 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. MacInnis, D. R. English, D. M. Gertig, J. L. Hopper, and G. G. Giles Body Size and Composition and Prostate Cancer Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1417 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Freedman, A. Sigurdson, M. M. Doody, K. Mabuchi, and M. S. Linet Risk of Basal Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Alcohol Intake and Smoking Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2003; 12(12): 1540 - 1543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Bazzano, J. He, L. G. Ogden, C. M. Loria, and P. K. Whelton Dietary Fiber Intake and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in US Men and Women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Arch Intern Med, September 8, 2003; 163(16): 1897 - 1904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R.M. Conroy, K. Pyorala, A.P. Fitzgerald, S. Sans, A. Menotti, G. De Backer, D. De Bacquer, P. Ducimetiere, P. Jousilahti, U. Keil, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2003; 24(11): 987 - 1003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Vandentorren, I. Baldi, I. Annesi Maesano, D. Charpin, F. Neukirch, L. Filleul, A. Cantagrel, and J.F. Tessier Long-term mortality among adults with or without asthma in the PAARC study Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2003; 21(3): 462 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.O. Ebbert, P. Yang, C.M. Vachon, R.A. Vierkant, J.R. Cerhan, A.R. Folsom, and T.A. Sellers Lung Cancer Risk Reduction After Smoking Cessation: Observations From a Prospective Cohort of Women J. Clin. Oncol., March 1, 2003; 21(5): 921 - 926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Baldi, P. Lebailly, B. Mohammed-Brahim, L. Letenneur, J.-F. Dartigues, and P. Brochard Neurodegenerative Diseases and Exposure to Pesticides in the Elderly Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2003; 157(5): 409 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Yang, J. R. Cerhan, R. A. Vierkant, J. E. Olson, C. M. Vachon, P. J. Limburg, A. S. Parker, K. E. Anderson, and T. A. Sellers Adenocarcinoma of the Lung Is Strongly Associated with Cigarette Smoking: Further Evidence from a Prospective Study of Women Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2002; 156(12): 1114 - 1122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T R Mikuls, K G Saag, L A Criswell, L A Merlino, R A Kaslow, B J Shelton, and J R Cerhan Mortality risk associated with rheumatoid arthritis in a prospective cohort of older women: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study Ann Rheum Dis, November 1, 2002; 61(11): 994 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Sellers, R. A. Vierkant, J. R. Cerhan, S. M. Gapstur, C. M. Vachon, J. E. Olson, V. S. Pankratz, L. H. Kushi, and A. R. Folsom Interaction of Dietary Folate Intake, Alcohol, and Risk of Hormone Receptor-defined Breast Cancer in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2002; 11(10): 1104 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Olson, P. Yang, K. Schmitz, R. A. Vierkant, J. R. Cerhan, and T. A. Sellers Differential Association of Body Mass Index and Fat Distribution with Three Major Histologic Types of Lung Cancer: Evidence from a Cohort of Older Women Am. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2002; 156(7): 606 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Cerhan, C. A. Janney, C. M. Vachon, T. M. Habermann, N. E. Kay, J. D. Potter, T. A. Sellers, and A. R. Folsom Anthropometric Characteristics, Physical Activity, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Subtypes and B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Prospective Study Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2002; 156(6): 527 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. He, L. G. Ogden, L. A. Bazzano, S. Vupputuri, C. Loria, and P. K. Whelton Dietary Sodium Intake and Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Overweight US Men and Women: First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Arch Intern Med, July 22, 2002; 162(14): 1619 - 1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A Bazzano, J. He, L. G Ogden, C. M Loria, S. Vupputuri, L. Myers, and P. K Whelton Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 93 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. J. Samelson, Y. Zhang, D. P. Kiel, M. T. Hannan, and D. T. Felson Effect of Birth Cohort on Risk of Hip Fracture: Age-Specific Incidence Rates in the Framingham Study Am J Public Health, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 858 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Bazzano, J. He, L. G. Ogden, C. Loria, S. Vupputuri, L. Myers, P. K. Whelton, and S. E. Kasner Dietary Intake of Folate and Risk of Stroke in US Men and Women: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study * Editorial Comment: NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study Stroke, May 1, 2002; 33(5): 1183 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Muntner, J. He, L. Hamm, C. Loria, and P. K. Whelton Renal Insufficiency and Subsequent Death Resulting from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2002; 13(3): 745 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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