American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 144, No. 7: 653-660
Copyright © 1996 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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Toenail Trace Element Levels and Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study
1Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA
2Research Reactor Facility, University of Missouri Columbia, MO
3Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA
4Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA
Reprint requests to Dr. David Hunter, Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
The associations between toenail levels of five trace elements and breast cancer risk were studied among a cohort of 62, 641 US women who provided toenail clippings and were free from diagnosed breast cancer in 1982. Among 433 cases of breast cancer identified during 4 years of follow-up and their matched controls, the odds ratios comparing the highest with the lowest quintiles and adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors were as follows: for arsenic, 1.12 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–1.91); for copper, 0.91 (95% CI 0.59–1.42); for chromium, 0.96 (95% Cl 0.61–1.52); for iron, 0.89 (95% CI 0.56–1.40); and for zinc, 1.09 (95% CI 0.70–1.70). Among postmenopausal women, a marginally significant positive association was observed between toenail chromium levels and breast cancer risk (odds ratio = 1.71, 95% Cl 0.87–3.35) (p for trend = 0.07). However, the association between chromium and breast cancer risk was inverse among premenopausal women. Although data on the validity of toenail levels of certain of these elements are limited, these results do not provide evidence for an important effect of arsenic, copper, chromium, iron, or zinc on breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 1996;144:653–60.
arsenic; breast neoplasms; chromium; copper; iron; nails; zinc
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