American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 144, No. 10: 968-979
Copyright © 1996 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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Predictors of Adipose Tissue Carotenoid and Retinol Levels in Nine Countries
The EURAMIC Study
1Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Wageningen Agricultural University Wageningen, the Netherlands
2Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland
3Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere Tampere, Finland
4Department of Epidemiology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute Zeist, the Netherlands
5Department of Nutrition, National Public Health Institute Helsinki, Finland
The adipose tissue carotenoid (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene) and retinol levels and their predictors were determined in 686 male and 339 female middle-aged and elderly subjects from eight European countries and Israel during the years 1991 to 1992. Adipose tissue carotenoid levels in men were 50–76% of those in women, whereas the retinol level in men was 116% of that in women (p < 0.001). When all significant predictors of antioxidant levels were considered in men, waist circumference was shown to be an independent predictor of adipose tissue alpha-carotene; age, waist circumference, and alcohol use were independent predictors of beta-carotene; age, body mass index, and waist circumference were predictors of lycopene; and waist circumference, smoking, and alcohol consumption were predictors of retinol. In the same way, in women waist circumference was shown to be an independent predictor of alpha-carotene level, BMI was a predictor of beta-carotene, smoking was a predictor of retinol, and alcohol consumption was a predictor of lycopene. The observed association of age with beta-carotene was positive, that with lycopene was inverse, and those of body mass index and waist circumference with the antioxidant levels were inverse. Alcohol use was inversely associated with beta-carotene level, and smoking and alcohol use were positively associated with retinol and lycopene levels. Epidemiologic studies on diet-disease relations using adipose tissue levels of carotenoids and retinol should consider gender, body size and composition, smoking, and alcohol consumption as potential confounders in diet-disease relations. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 144: 968-79.
adipose tissue; alcohol drinking; body mass index; carotenoids; fatty acids; smoking; waist-hip ratio
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