American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 143, No. 11: 1142-1148
Copyright © 1996 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
other |
Effect of Not Breastfeeding on the Risk of Diarrheal and Respiratory Mortality in Children under 2 Years of Age in Metro Cebu, The Philippines
1 Department of International Health, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
2 Departments of International Health and Biostatlstics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
3 Department of Population Dynamics, School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD
Reprint requests to Dr. Robert Black, Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205.
The effects of not breastfeeding on mortality due to diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children under 2 years of age were examined using data from a 1988–1991 longitudinal study of 9, 942 children in Metro Cebu, The Philippines. Cox regression methods were used to study the magnitude of the risks, possible interactions with birth weight and nutritional status, and the effect of additional confounding factors. Not breastfeeding had a greater effect on diarrheal mortality than on ALRI mortality. In the first 6 months of life, failing to initiate breastfeeding or ceasing to breastfeed resulted in an 8- to 10-fold increase in the rate of diarrheal mortality. The rate of mortality associated with both ALRI and diarrhea was increased nearly six times by not breastfeeding, but the rate of ALRI mortality alone was not increased. The data also suggested that the risk of mortality associated with not breastfeeding was greater for low birth weight infants and infants whose mothers had little formal education. After age 6 months, the protective effects of breastfeeding dropped dramatically. These findings underscore the importance of promoting breastfeeding, especially during the first 6 months of life, and of targeting high risk groups such as low birth weight babies and those of low socioeconomic status. Am J Epidemiol1996; 143: 1142–8.
birth weight; breast feeding; diarrhea; malnutrition; mortality; nutritional status; respiratory tract infections
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. Barria, G. Santander, and T. Victoriano Factors Associated With Exclusive Breastfeeding at 3 Months Postpartum in Valdivia, Chile J Hum Lact, November 1, 2008; 24(4): 439 - 445. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J Chan, L. H Moulton, S. Becker, A. Munoz, and R. E Black Non-specific effects of diphtheria tetanus pertussis vaccination on child mortality in Cebu, The Philippines Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2007; 36(5): 1022 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L F. Walker, Z. A Bhutta, N. Bhandari, T. Teka, F. Shahid, S. Taneja, R. E Black, and the Zinc Study Group Zinc during and in convalescence from diarrhea has no demonstrable effect on subsequent morbidity and anthropometric status among infants <6 mo of age Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 887 - 894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Ross and M. H. Labbok Modeling the Effects of Different Infant Feeding Strategies on Infant Survival and Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Am J Public Health, July 1, 2004; 94(7): 1174 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chen and W. J. Rogan Breastfeeding and the Risk of Postneonatal Death in the United States Pediatrics, May 1, 2004; 113(5): e435 - e439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Read and Committee on Pediatric AIDS Human Milk, Breastfeeding, and Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the United States Pediatrics, November 1, 2003; 112(5): 1196 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R M Bland, N C Rollins, G Solarsh, J Van den Broeck, and H M Coovadia Maternal recall of exclusive breast feeding duration Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 778 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Kramer Commentary: Breastfeeding and child health, growth, and survival Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2003; 32(1): 96 - 98. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Arifeen, R. E. Black, G. Antelman, A. Baqui, L. Caulfield, and S. Becker Exclusive Breastfeeding Reduces Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhea Deaths Among Infants in Dhaka Slums Pediatrics, October 1, 2001; 108(4): e67 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P Betran, M. de Onis, J. A Lauer, and J. Villar Ecological study of effect of breast feeding on infant mortality in Latin America BMJ, August 11, 2001; 323(7308): 303 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G Victora, B. R Kirkwood, A. Ashworth, R. E Black, S. Rogers, S. Sazawal, H. Campbell, and S. Gove Potential interventions for the prevention of childhood pneumonia in developing countries: improving nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 309 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|