American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 143, No. 10: 971-978
Copyright © 1996 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
Prior to Use of Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Are Users Healthier than Nonusers?
1Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA
2Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
Reprint requests to Dr. Karen A. Matthews, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
Observational studies have demonstrated that women who have used postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) are at reduced risk of coronary heart disease. The authors examined whether premenopausal women who subsequently elected to use ERT during menopause had a better cardiovascular risk factor profile prior to use than did nonusers. A total of 541 premenopausal women had their cardiovascular risk factors and psychosocial characteristics evaluated at study entry. After approximately 8 years, 355 women had become postmenopausal, and 157 women reported ERT use during the follow-up period (mean = 93.4 months). The authors compared the premenopausal characteristics of users with those of nonusers. Relative to nonusers, ERT users were better educated (63 vs. 81 % with at least some college), and prior to the use of ERT had higher levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (1.49 vs. 1.59 mmol/liter), HDL2 (0.50 vs. 0.57 mmol/liter), HDL3 (0.98 vs. 1.02 mmol/liter), leisure physical activity (5, 122 vs. 7, 158 Kjoules), and alcohol intake (7.5 vs. 9.7 g/day), and lower levels of apolipoprotein B (0.97 vs. 0.90 g/liter), systolic blood pressure (112.1 vs. 107.1 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (73.8 vs. 71.4 mmHg), weight (68.5 vs. 64.2 kg), and fasting insulin (9.10 vs. 7.66 µU/liter). Prior to use of ERT, in comparison with nonusers, subsequent users reported on standardized questionnaires that they more often exhibited Type A behavior, were more aware of their feelings, motives, and symptoms, and had more symptoms of stress. Women who elect to use ERT have a better cardiovascular risk factor profile prior to the use of ERT than do women who subsequently do not use this treatment during the menopause, which supports the hypothesis that part of the apparent benefit associated with use of ERT is due to preexisting characteristics of women who use ERT. This study underscores the widely recognized importance of randomized clinical trials to estimate the direct benefit of postmenopausal ERT for protecting women from cardiovascular disease.
cardiovascular diseases; estrogen replacement therapy; menopause; risk factors
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 Postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy and increased rates of cholecystectomy and appendectomy Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 1, 2000; 162(10): 1421 - 1424.
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 I. C. D. Westendorp, B. A. I.’t Veld, M. L. Bots, J. M. Akkerhuis, A. Hofman, D. E. Grobbee, and J. C. M. Witteman Hormone Replacement Therapy and Intima-Media Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery : The Rotterdam Study Stroke, December 1, 1999; 30(12): 2562 - 2567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. McNagny Prescribing Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopausal Symptoms Ann Intern Med, October 19, 1999; 131(8): 605 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Rödström, C. Bengtsson, L. Lissner, and C. Björkelund Pre-existing risk factor profiles in users and non-users of hormone replacement therapy: prospective cohort study in Gothenburg, Sweden BMJ, October 2, 1999; 319(7214): 890 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 H. M. Perry III The Endocrinology of Aging Clin. Chem., August 1, 1999; 45(8): 1369 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. V. Pinkerton and R. Santen Alternatives to the Use of Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women Endocr. Rev., June 1, 1999; 20(3): 308 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. E. Rossouw Does Estrogen Have a Role in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 1806 - 1810. [Full Text]
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E. Barrett-Connor and C. Stuenkel Hormones and Heart Disease in Women: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study in Perspective J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 1999; 84(6): 1848 - 1853. [Full Text]
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N. L. Keating, P. D. Cleary, A. S. Rossi, A. M. Zaslavsky, and J. Z. Ayanian Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy by Postmenopausal Women in the United States Ann Intern Med, April 6, 1999; 130(7): 545 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Cushman, E. N. Meilahn, B. M. Psaty, L. H. Kuller, A. S. Dobs, and R. P. Tracy Hormone Replacement Therapy, Inflammation, and Hemostasis in Elderly Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1999; 19(4): 893 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Oparil Hormones and Vasoprotection Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 170 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hulley, D. Grady, T. Bush, C. Furberg, D. Herrington, B. Riggs, E. Vittinghoff, and for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement S Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women JAMA, August 19, 1998; 280(7): 605 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. A. Whooley, D. Grady, S. R. Cummings, J. Green, N. Wintfeld, C. D. Atkins, F. Grodstein, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality N. Engl. J. Med., November 6, 1997; 337(19): 1389 - 1391. [Full Text]
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J. A. Cauley, D. G. Seeley, W. S. Browner, K. Ensrud, L. H. Kuller, R. C. Lipschutz, and S. B. Hulley Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Mortality Among Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Arch Intern Med, October 27, 1997; 157(19): 2181 - 2187. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Mosca, J. E. Manson, S. E. Sutherland, R. D. Langer, T. Manolio, E. Barrett-Connor, and E. Barrett-Connor Cardiovascular Disease in Women : A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, October 7, 1997; 96(7): 2468 - 2482. [Full Text]
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S. R. Heckbert, N. S. Weiss, T. D. Koepsell, R. N. Lemaitre, N. L. Smith, D. S. Siscovick, D. Lin, and B. M. Psaty Duration of Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Relation to the Risk of Incident Myocardial Infarction in Postmenopausal Women Arch Intern Med, June 23, 1997; 157(12): 1330 - 1336. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. E. McNagny and T. A. Jacobson Use of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy by African American Women: The Importance of Physician Discussion Arch Intern Med, June 23, 1997; 157(12): 1337 - 1342. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. A. Brinton and C. Schairer Postmenopausal Hormone-Replacement Therapy -- Time for a Reappraisal? N. Engl. J. Med., June 19, 1997; 336(25): 1821 - 1822. [Full Text]
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S. P. Gutthann, L. A G. Rodriguez, J. Castellsague, and A. D. Oliart Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: population based case-control study BMJ, March 15, 1997; 314(7083): 796 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. E. Rossouw Estrogens for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Putting the Brakes on the Bandwagon Circulation, December 1, 1996; 94(11): 2982 - 2985. [Full Text]
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F. Grodstein, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and C. H. Hennekens Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease N. Engl. J. Med., August 15, 1996; 335(7): 453 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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