Skip Navigation

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Search for citing articles in:
ISI Web of Science (44)
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Disclaimer
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Symanski, E.
Right arrow Articles by Hertz-Picciotto, I.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Symanski, E.
Right arrow Articles by Hertz-Picciotto, I.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 141, No. 11: 1047-1058
Copyright © 1995 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health

other

Blood Lead Levels in Relation to Menopause, Smoking, and Pregnancy History

E. Symanski1 and I. Hertz-Picciotto2,

1Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC
2Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC

Reprint requests to Dr. I. Hertz-Picciotto, CB# 7400, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400.

Postmenopausal bone loss may result in the release of lead stored in bone. This study examined Mexican-American women aged 20 years and older who participated in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1982–1984) to assess the influence of menopause, pregnancy history, and smoking on blood lead levels. After adjustment for factors likely to influence blood lead levels and for design effects, the authors confirmed associations with age, Income level, education, degree of urbanization, and body mass. Blood lead concentrations were markedly higher among current smokers and postmenopausal women, with these two factors showing separate, roughly additive effects. Gravidity had little impact on blood lead level among premenopausal women. However, among postmenopausal women, never-pregnant women had higher blood lead levels than did those who had ever been pregnant. The largest increase (4.4 µg/dl, 95 percent confidence interval 0.95, 7.8) was observed among smokers. In a separate analysis of postmenopausal women, women with recent menopause (4 years or less) had blood lead concentrations 1.4 µg/dl higher (95 percent confidence interval 0.20, 2.7) than did those whose menopause occurred more than 4 years previously. This finding, along with an overall slow decline in blood lead levels with each year after menopause, suggests that lead is being mobilized at rates consistent with the patterns of bone loss, placing women with recent menopause at increased risk for higher blood lead levels. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141:1047–58.

lead; menopause; osteoporosis; postmenopausal


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 AJPHHome page
K. Theppeang, T. A. Glass, K. Bandeen-Roche, A. C. Todd, C. A. Rohde, and B. S. Schwartz
Gender and Race/Ethnicity Differences in Lead Dose Biomarkers
Am J Public Health, July 1, 2008; 98(7): 1248 - 1255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
M.-G. Lee, O. K. Chun, and W. O. Song
Determinants of the Blood Lead Level of US Women of Reproductive Age
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 24(1): 1 - 9.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
D. Nash, L. S. Magder, R. Sherwin, R. J. Rubin, and E. K. Silbergeld
Bone Density-related Predictors of Blood Lead Level among Peri- and Postmenopausal Women in the United States: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994
Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2004; 160(9): 901 - 911.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
D. Nash, L. Magder, M. Lustberg, R. W. Sherwin, R. J. Rubin, R. B. Kaufmann, and E. K. Silbergeld
Blood Lead, Blood Pressure, and Hypertension in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
JAMA, March 26, 2003; 289(12): 1523 - 1532.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
C. Gundacker, B. Pietschnig, K. J. Wittmann, A. Lischka, H. Salzer, L. Hohenauer, and E. Schuster
Lead and Mercury in Breast Milk
Pediatrics, November 1, 2002; 110(5): 873 - 878.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
S. A. Korrick, J. Schwartz, S.-W. Tsaih, D. J. Hunter, A. Aro, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and H. Hu
Correlates of Bone and Blood Lead Levels among Middle-aged and Elderly Women
Am. J. Epidemiol., August 15, 2002; 156(4): 335 - 343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
I. Hertz-Picciotto, M. Schramm, M. Watt-Morse, K. Chantala, J. Anderson, and J. Osterloh
Patterns and Determinants of Blood Lead During Pregnancy
Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2000; 152(9): 829 - 837.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
E. B. Dawson, D. R. Evans, W. A. Harris, M. C. Teter, and W. J. McGanity
The Effect of Ascorbic Acid Supplementation on the Blood Lead Levels of Smokers
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 1999; 18(2): 166 - 170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Disclaimer: Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues. All efforts have been made to ensure accuracy, but the Publisher will not be held responsible for any remaining inaccuracies. If you require any further clarification, please contact our Customer Services Department.