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American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 137, No. 9: 959-965
Copyright © 1993 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
How Good a Marker Is Insulin Level for Insulin Resistance?
From the Department of Genetics, SK-50, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195
Reprint requests to Dr Markku Laakso at this address
Epidemiologic studies have correlated fasting and postload insulin levels with the risk of coronary heart disease, assuming that insulin levels are reliable markers of insulin resistance. However, this assumption has not been systematically studied. The author measured insulin response to an oral glucose load and quantitated insulin resistance using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique to evaluate the correlation between insulin level and the degree of insulin resistance in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. Subjects were randomly selected from previous population studies done in 1987–1989 at the Department of Medicine of the University of Kuopio in east Finland. Altogether, 50 subjects with normal glucose tolerance, 28 with impaired glucose tolerance, and 54 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied. Correlations of insulin resistance (whole-body glucose uptake in clamp studies) with fasting or postload insulin levels were remarkably consistent, ranging from –0.58 to –0.74 (p < 0.01) in subjects with normoglycemia. In contrast, corresponding correlations were substantially weaker in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Among these subjects, only the fasting insulin level correlated significantly with insulin resistance (–0.47, p < 0.05 and –0.48, p < 0.01, respectively). The authors conclude that in population studies, only the fasting insulin level should be used as a marker of insulin resistance, particularly in subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance.
diabetes mellitus, non-insulin-dependent; glucose; glucose tolerance test; insulin; insulin resistance
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L. P. Palaniappan, M. R. Carnethon, and S. P. Fortmann Heterogeneity in the Relationship Between Ethnicity, BMI, and Fasting Insulin Diabetes Care, August 1, 2002; 25(8): 1351 - 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J.G. Hanley, A. J. Karter, A. Festa, R. D'Agostino Jr., L. E. Wagenknecht, P. Savage, R. P. Tracy, M. F. Saad, and S. Haffner Factor Analysis of Metabolic Syndrome Using Directly Measured Insulin Sensitivity: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes, August 1, 2002; 51(8): 2642 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Verma, C. M. Boney, R. Tucker, and B. R. Vohr Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Women with Prior History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3227 - 3235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. S Kahn and R. Valdez Fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2002; 75(6): 1123 - 1123. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Davies, D. J. Baer, J. T. Judd, E. D. Brown, W. S. Campbell, and P. R. Taylor Effects of Moderate Alcohol Intake on Fasting Insulin and Glucose Concentrations and Insulin Sensitivity in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, May 15, 2002; 287(19): 2559 - 2562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A Pereira, D. R Jacobs Jr, J. J Pins, S. K Raatz, M. D Gross, J. L Slavin, and E. R Seaquist Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2002; 75(5): 848 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J.G. Hanley, G. McKeown-Eyssen, S. B. Harris, R. A. Hegele, T. M.S. Wolever, J. Kwan, and B. Zinman Association of Parity With Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Metabolic Disorders Diabetes Care, April 1, 2002; 25(4): 690 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Guercio, M. A. Rivarola, E. Chaler, M. Maceiras, and A. Belgorosky Relationship between the GH/IGF-I Axis, Insulin Sensitivity, and Adrenal Androgens in Normal Prepubertal and Pubertal Boys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1162 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Arcaro, A. Cretti, S. Balzano, A. Lechi, M. Muggeo, E. Bonora, and R. C. Bonadonna Insulin Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans: Sites and Mechanisms Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Ahren and H. Larsson Quantification of Insulin Secretion in Relation to Insulin Sensitivity in Nondiabetic Postmenopausal Women Diabetes, February 1, 2002; 51(90001): S202 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Maffeis, P. Moghetti, A. Grezzani, M. Clementi, R. Gaudino, and L. Tato Insulin Resistance and the Persistence of Obesity from Childhood into Adulthood J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. D Mills and P. J Grant Insulin resistance, haemostatic factors and cardiovascular risk The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2002; 2(1): 19 - 26. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J.-Y. Oh, E. Barrett-Connor, N. M. Wedick, and D. L. Wingard Endogenous Sex Hormones and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Men and Women: the Rancho Bernardo Study Diabetes Care, January 1, 2002; 25(1): 55 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Wu, J. P. Dorn, R. P. Donahue, C. T. Sempos, and M. Trevisan Associations of Serum C-reactive Protein with Fasting Insulin, Glucose, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin : The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2002; 155(1): 65 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Laakso Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2002; 2(1_suppl): S9 - S11. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. J. Quon Limitations of the Fasting Glucose to Insulin Ratio as an Index of Insulin Sensitivity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4615 - 4617. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Maison, C. D. Byrne, C. N. Hales, N. E. Day, and N. J. Wareham Do Different Dimensions of the Metabolic Syndrome Change Together Over Time?: Evidence supporting obesity as the central feature Diabetes Care, October 1, 2001; 24(10): 1758 - 1763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Pihlajamaki, M. Austin, K. Edwards, and M. Laakso A Major Gene Effect on Fasting Insulin and Insulin Sensitivity in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia Diabetes, October 1, 2001; 50(10): 2396 - 2401. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. E. Duncan, A. D. Hutson, and P. W. Stacpoole QUICKI Does Not Accurately Reflect Changes in Insulin Sensitivity with Exercise Training J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4115 - 4119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Hak, H. A. P. Pols, C. D. A. Stehouwer, J. Meijer, A. J. Kiliaan, A. Hofman, M. M. B. Breteler, and J. C. M. Witteman Markers of Inflammation and Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Relation to Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Elderly: The Rotterdam Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4398 - 4405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Kuusisto, P. Lempiainen, L. Mykkanen, and M. Laakso Insulin Resistance Syndrome Predicts Coronary Heart Disease Events in Elderly Type 2 Diabetic Men Diabetes Care, September 1, 2001; 24(9): 1629 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kareinen, L. Viitanen, P. Halonen, S. Lehto, and M. Laakso Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With Insulin Resistance Cluster in Families With Early-Onset Coronary Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2001; 21(8): 1346 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Meigs, P. F. Jacques, J. Selhub, D. E. Singer, D. M. Nathan, N. Rifai, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., and P. W.F. Wilson Fasting Plasma Homocysteine Levels in the Insulin Resistance Syndrome: The Framingham Offspring Study Diabetes Care, August 1, 2001; 24(8): 1403 - 1410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Kriska, M. A. Pereira, R. L. Hanson, M. P. de Courten, P. Z. Zimmet, K. G. M.M. Alberti, P. Chitson, P. H. Bennett, K.M. V. Narayan, and W. C. Knowler Association of Physical Activity and Serum Insulin Concentrations in Two Populations at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes but Differing by BMI Diabetes Care, July 1, 2001; 24(7): 1175 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. Wedick, E. J. Mayer-Davis, D. L. Wingard, C. L. Addy, and E. Barrett-Connor Insulin Resistance Precedes Weight Loss in Adults without Diabetes : The Rancho Bernardo Study Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2001; 153(12): 1199 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Gill, A. E. Taylor, K. A. Martin, C. K. Welt, J. M. Adams, and J. E. Hall Specific Factors Predict the Response to Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Therapy in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2428 - 2436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Oleksik, T. Duong, N. Pliester, G. Asma, C. Popp-Snijders, and P. Lips Effects of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Raloxifene, on the Somatotropic Axis and Insulin-Glucose Homeostasis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2763 - 2768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. W. Hsing, S. Chua Jr, Y.-T. Gao, E. Gentzschein, L. Chang, J. Deng, and F. Z. Stanczyk Prostate Cancer Risk and Serum Levels of Insulin and Leptin: a Population-Based Study J Natl Cancer Inst, May 16, 2001; 93(10): 783 - 789. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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