American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 129, No. 6: 1277-1288
Copyright © 1989 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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COFFEE, DIETARY HABITS, AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL AMONG MEN AND WOMEN 35–49 YEARS OF AGE
1Section for Dietary Research, Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
2Section of Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
3The National Health Screening Service Oslo, Norway
4Central Laboratory, Ullevasl Hospital Oslo, Norway
Reprint requests to Ken Solvoll, Section for Di etary Research, Institute for Nutrition Research, Uni versity of Oslo, P.O. Box 1117, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo 3, Norway
The relations between coffee and dietary habits and between coffee, dietary habits, and serum cholesterol were examined in 11,912 men and 12,328 women aged 35–49 years in the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Study in Oppland, southern Norway, 1976–1978. Dietary data are based on results from a self-administered questionnaire. In both sexes, the dietary pattern of persons with a high coffee consumption differed from that of persons with a low coffee con sumption: Heavy coffee drinkers had a higher consumption of bread, potatoes, and butter or margarine per slice of bread and more frequent use of hard margarine; men had a higher consumption of eggs and a lower consumption of skim milk. These results suggest a higher total food and fat consumption and a lower ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids among heavy coffee drinkers. However, only 20% of the variation in coffee consumption was explained by dietary and lifestyle variables. The study confirmed a positive relation between serum cholesterol and use of butter or hard margarine (p < 0.001) and between serum cholesterol and coffee consumption (p < 0.001). Bread consumption and mIlk consumption were negatively correlated to serum cholesterol. The negative association with skim milk was significant only in women (p < 0.01).
cholesterol; coffee; food habits; questionnaires
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