American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 129, No. 1: 125-137
Copyright © 1989 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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THE IMPACT OF CONFOUNDER SELECTION CRITERIA ON EFFECT ESTIMATION
1Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Vermont Burlington, VT 05405
2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90024
Reprint requests to Dr. Ruth M. Mickey.
Mickey, R. M. (Dept of Mathematics and Statistics, U. of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405) and S. Greenland. The impact of confounder selection criteria on effect estimation. Am J Epidemiol 1989;129:125–37.
Much controversy exists regarding proper methods for the selection of variables in confounder control. Many authors condemn any use of significance testing, some encourage such testing, and others propose a mixed approach. This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo simulation of several confounder selection criteria, including change-in-estimate and collapsibility test criteria. The methods are compared with respect to their Impact on Inferences regarding the study factor's effect, as measured by test size and power, bias, mean-squared error, and confidence Interval coverage rates. In situations in which the best decision (of whether or not to adjust) is not always obvious, the change-in-estimate criterion tends to be superior, though significance testing methods can perform acceptably If their significance levels are set much higher than conventional levels (to values of 0.20 or more).
epidemiologic methods
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 A. Adunsky, A. Lusky, M. Arad, and R. J. Heruti A Comparative Study of Rehabilitation Outcomes of Elderly Hip Fracture Patients: The Advantage of a Comprehensive Orthogeriatric Approach J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2003; 58(6): M542 - 547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. R. Hauck, S. M. Herman, M. Donovan, S. Iyasu, C. Merrick Moore, E. Donoghue, R. H. Kirschner, and M. Willinger Sleep Environment and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in an Urban Population: The Chicago Infant Mortality Study Pediatrics, May 1, 2003; 111(5): 1207 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tang, D. W. Cowling, J. C. Lloyd, T. Rogers, K. L. Koumjian, C. M. Stevens, and D. G. Bal Changes of Attitudes and Patronage Behaviors in Response to a Smoke-Free Bar Law Am J Public Health, April 1, 2003; 93(4): 611 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Cummings and F. P. Rivara Reporting Statistical Information in Medical Journal Articles Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, April 1, 2003; 157(4): 321 - 324. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F P Rivara, P Cummings, and C Mock Injuries and death of children in rollover motor vehicle crashes in the United States Inj. Prev., March 1, 2003; 9(1): 76 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. R. Hauck, C. M. Moore, S. M. Herman, M. Donovan, M. Kalelkar, K. K. Christoffel, H. J. Hoffman, and D. Rowley The Contribution of Prone Sleeping Position to the Racial Disparity in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: The Chicago Infant Mortality Study Pediatrics, October 1, 2002; 110(4): 772 - 780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. H. Goss, K. Otto, M. L. Aitken, and G. D. Rubenfeld Detecting Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Does Not Reduce Survival of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2002; 166(3): 356 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V Solfrizzi, F Panza, A D'Introno, A M Colacicco, C Capurso, A M Basile, and A Capurso Lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein E genotype, and risk of Alzheimer's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2002; 72(6): 732 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Thabut, I. Vinatier, J.-B. Stern, G. Leseche, P. Loirat, M. Fournier, and H. Mal Primary Graft Failure Following Lung Transplantation* : Predictive Factors of Mortality Chest, June 1, 2002; 121(6): 1876 - 1882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. H. Sauer, J. A. Berlin, B. L. Strom, C. Miles, J. L. Carson, and S. E. Kimmel Cigarette Yield and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Smokers Arch Intern Med, February 11, 2002; 162(3): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. S Davies and M. A. McColl Lifestyle risks for three disease outcomes in spinal cord injury Clinical Rehabilitation, January 1, 2002; 16(1): 96 - 108. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M.A. Esposito, C. Coutifaris, and K.T. Barnhart A moderately elevated day 3 FSH concentration has limited predictive value, especially in younger women Hum. Reprod., January 1, 2002; 17(1): 118 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. H Kim, D. Spiegelman, E. Rimm, and S. L Gorbach The correlates of dietary intake among HIV-positive adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2001; 74(6): 852 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. H. Sauer, J. A. Berlin, and S. E. Kimmel Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1894 - 1898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P Cummings, T D Koepsell, J M Moffat, and F P Rivara Drowsiness, counter-measures to drowsiness, and the risk of a motor vehicle crash Inj. Prev., September 1, 2001; 7(3): 194 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Sondergaard, T. B. Henriksen, C. Obel, and K. Wisborg Smoking During Pregnancy and Infantile Colic Pediatrics, August 1, 2001; 108(2): 342 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Vaccarino, S. V. Kasl, J. Abramson, and H. M. Krumholz Depressive symptoms and risk of functional decline and death in patients with heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2001; 38(1): 199 - 205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z Weintraub, M Solovechick, B Reichman, A Rotschild, D Waisman, O Davkin, A Lusky, and Y Bental Effect of maternal tocolysis on the incidence of severe periventricular/intraventricular haemorrhage in very low birthweight infants Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., July 1, 2001; 85(1): F13 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Kimmel, J. A. Berlin, C. Miles, J. Jaskowiak, J. L. Carson, and B. L. Strom Risk of acute first myocardial infarction and use of nicotine patches in a general population J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1297 - 1302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. B. Nathens, G. J. Jurkovich, R. V. Maier, D. C. Grossman, E. J. MacKenzie, M. Moore, and F. P. Rivara Relationship Between Trauma Center Volume and Outcomes JAMA, March 7, 2001; 285(9): 1164 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. M. Fairfield, H. Libman, R. B. Davis, D. M. Eisenberg, A. Beckett, and R. S. Phillips Brief Communication: Detecting Depression: Providing High Quality Primary Care for HIV-Infected Patients American Journal of Medical Quality, March 1, 2001; 16(2): 71 - 74. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group Psychological Stress and Other Potential Triggers for Recurrences of Herpes Simplex Virus Eye Infections Arch Ophthalmol, December 1, 2000; 118(12): 1617 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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