American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 121, No. 1: 91-106
Copyright © 1985 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY IN THE FIVE-CITY PROJECT1
Reprint requests to Dr. William L. Haskell, Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program, 730 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304.
Previous measures of physical activity for epidemiologic studies were considered Inadequate to meet the needs of a community-based health education trial. Therefore, new methods of quantifying the physical activity habits of communities were developed which are practical for large health surveys, provide Information on the distribution of activity habits in the population, can detect changes in activity over time, and can be compared with other epidemiologic studies of physical activity. Independent sell-reports of vigorous activity (at least 6 metabolic equivalents (METs)), moderate activity (3–5 METs), and total energy expenditure (kilocalories per day) are described, and the physical activity practices of samples of California cities are presented. Relationships between physical activity measures and age, education, occupation, ethnicity, marital status, and body mass index are analyzed, and the reliabilities of the three activity indices are reported. The new assessment procedure is contrasted with nine other measures of physical activity used in community surveys.
coronary disease; energy expenditure; exercise, physical; prevention, primary; questionnaIres; survey methods
1From the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program and the Department of Family, Community, and Preventive Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
2Current address: the Division of General Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA.
3Current address: Las Colinas Preventive Medicine Center, Irving, TX.
4Current address: Department of Health Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
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 P. Studinger, Z. Lenard, Z. Kovats, L. Kocsis, and M. Kollai Static and dynamic changes in carotid artery diameter in humans during and after strenuous exercise J. Physiol., July 15, 2003; 550(2): 575 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. E. Ievers-Landis, C. Burant, D. Drotar, L. Morgan, E. S. Trapl, and C. K. Kwoh Social Support, Knowledge, and Self-Efficacy as Correlates of Osteoporosis Preventive Behaviors Among Preadolescent Females J. Pediatr. Psychol., July 1, 2003; 28(5): 335 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ma, E. R. Bertone, E. J. Stanek III, G. W. Reed, J. R. Hebert, N. L. Cohen, P. A. Merriam, and I. S. Ockene Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2003; 158(1): 85 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Russ and J. A. Kent-Braun Sex differences in human skeletal muscle fatigue are eliminated under ischemic conditions J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2414 - 2422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kirk, N. Mutrie, P. MacIntyre, and M. Fisher Increasing Physical Activity in People With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1186 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. M. Thompson, M. L. Humbert, and R. L. Mirwald A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Physical Activity Experiences on Adult Physical Activity Perceptions and Behaviors Qual Health Res, March 1, 2003; 13(3): 358 - 377. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 K. L Moreau, A. J Donato, D. R Seals, C. A DeSouza, and H. Tanaka Regular exercise, hormone replacement therapy and the age-related decline in carotid arterial compliance in healthy women Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 861 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Hunter and R. M. Enoka Changes in muscle activation can prolong the endurance time of a submaximal isometric contraction in humans J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 108 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Crossley, K. Bennell, S. Green, S. Cowan, and J. McConnell Physical Therapy for Patellofemoral Pain: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2002; 30(6): 857 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Whiting, J. L. Boyle, A. Thompson, R. L. Mirwald, and R. A. Faulkner Dietary Protein, Phosphorus and Potassium Are Beneficial to Bone Mineral Density in Adult Men Consuming Adequate Dietary Calcium J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2002; 21(5): 402 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. W. Dunstan, R. M. Daly, N. Owen, D. Jolley, M. de Courten, J. Shaw, and P. Zimmet High-Intensity Resistance Training Improves Glycemic Control in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, October 1, 2002; 25(10): 1729 - 1736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. A Matvienko, D. S Lewis, M. Swanson, B. Arndt, D. L Rainwater, J. Stewart, and D L. Alekel A single daily dose of soybean phytosterols in ground beef decreases serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in young, mildly hypercholesterolemic men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 57 - 64. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Roubenoff, S. Grinspoon, P. R. Skolnik, E. Tchetgen, L. Abad, D. Spiegelman, T. Knox, and S. Gorbach Role of cytokines and testosterone in regulating lean body mass and resting energy expenditure in HIV-infected men Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2002; 283(1): E138 - E145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Eskurza, A. J. Donato, K. L. Moreau, D. R. Seals, and H. Tanaka Changes in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained women: 7-yr follow-up J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 2303 - 2308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S E Lamb, H P Bartlett, A Ashley, and W Bird Can lay-led walking programmes increase physical activity in middle aged adults? A randomised controlled trial J Epidemiol Community Health, April 1, 2002; 56(4): 246 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M Conway, J. L Seale, D. R Jacobs Jr, M. L Irwin, and B. E Ainsworth Comparison of energy expenditure estimates from doubly labeled water, a physical activity questionnaire, and physical activity records Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2002; 75(3): 519 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. J. Maxwell and K. A. Bruinsma Uric acid is closely linked to vascular nitric oxide activity: Evidence for mechanism of association with cardiovascular disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2001; 38(7): 1850 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Falkner, S. E. McCann, and M. Trevisan Participant Characteristics and Quality of Recall of Physical Activity in the Distant Past Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2001; 154(9): 865 - 872. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Kriska, A. J.G. Hanley, S. B. Harris, and B. Zinman Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Insulin and Glucose Concentrations in an Isolated Native Canadian Population Experiencing Rapid Lifestyle Change Diabetes Care, October 1, 2001; 24(10): 1787 - 1792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. C. Schiller, Y. G. Casas, C. A. Desouza, and D. R. Seals Maximal aerobic capacity across age in healthy Hispanic and Caucasian women J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2001; 91(3): 1048 - 1054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Van Pelt, F. A. Dinneno, D. R. Seals, and P. P. Jones Age-related decline in RMR in physically active men: relation to exercise volume and energy intake Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2001; 281(3): E633 - E639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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The Writing Group for the Activity Counseling Tria Effects of Physical Activity Counseling in Primary Care: The Activity Counseling Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, August 8, 2001; 286(6): 677 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. S. Lauderdale, T. Salant, K. L. Han, and P. L. Tran Life-Course Predictors of Ultrasonic Heel Measurement in a Cross-sectional Study of Immigrant Women from Southeast Asia Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2001; 153(6): 581 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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MF. Sowers, J. L. Beebe, D. McConnell, J. Randolph, and M. Jannausch Testosterone Concentrations in Women Aged 25-50 Years: Associations with Lifestyle, Body Composition, and Ovarian Status Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2001; 153(3): 256 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. G Casas, B. C Schiller, C. A DeSouza, and D. R Seals Total and regional body composition across age in healthy Hispanic and white women of similar socioeconomic status Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2001; 73(1): 13 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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