American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 120, No. 2: 244-250
Copyright © 1984 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
research-article |
DIET, OBESITY, AND RISK OF FATAL PROSTATE CANCER1
2Reprint requests to Dr. Snowdon, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350
Findings described in this report are for 6,763 white male Seventh-day Adventists who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1960. Between 1960 and 1980 mortality data were collected on cohort members. Overweight men had a significantly higher risk of fatal prostate cancer than men near their desirable weight. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 2.5 for overweight men. Suggestive positive associations were also seen between fatal prostate cancer and the consumption of milk, cheese, eggs, and meat. There was an orderly dose-response between each of the four animal products and risk. The predicted relative risk of fatal prostate cancer was 3.6 for those who heavily consumed all four animal products. The results of this study and others suggest that animal product consumption and obesity may be risk factors for fatal prostate cancer.
diet; mortality; obesity; prostatic neoplasms
1 From the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Koutros, A. J. Cross, D. P. Sandler, J. A. Hoppin, X. Ma, T. Zheng, M. C.R. Alavanja, and R. Sinha Meat and Meat Mutagens and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ahn, D. Albanes, U. Peters, A. Schatzkin, U. Lim, M. Freedman, N. Chatterjee, G. L. Andriole, M. F. Leitzmann, R. B. Hayes, et al. Dairy Products, Calcium Intake, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2007; 16(12): 2623 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Freedland and E. A. Platz Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Making Sense out of Apparently Conflicting Data Epidemiol. Rev., May 3, 2007; (2007) mxm006v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rodriguez, S. J. Freedland, A. Deka, E. J. Jacobs, M. L. McCullough, A. V. Patel, M. J. Thun, and E. E. Calle Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2007; 16(1): 63 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Smith Obesity and Sex Steroids during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment for Prostate Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., January 1, 2007; 13(1): 241 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovannucci, Y. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett A prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., February 1, 2006; 15(2): 203 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Gao, M. P. LaValley, and K. L. Tucker Prospective Studies of Dairy Product and Calcium Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis J Natl Cancer Inst, December 7, 2005; 97(23): 1768 - 1777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Freedland Obesity and Prostate Cancer: A Growing Problem Clin. Cancer Res., October 1, 2005; 11(19): 6763 - 6766. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Freedland, W. B. Isaacs, L. A. Mangold, S. K. Yiu, K. A. Grubb, A. W. Partin, J. I. Epstein, P. C. Walsh, and E. A. Platz Stronger Association between Obesity and Biochemical Progression after Radical Prostatectomy among Men Treated in the Last 10 Years Clin. Cancer Res., April 15, 2005; 11(8): 2883 - 2888. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K. Dennis, L. G. Snetselaar, B. J. Smith, R. E. Stewart, and M. E. C. Robbins Problems with the Assessment of Dietary Fat in Prostate Cancer Studies Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2004; 160(5): 436 - 444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Amling, R. H. Riffenburgh, L. Sun, J. W. Moul, R. S. Lance, L. Kusuda, W. J. Sexton, D. W. Soderdahl, T. F. Donahue, J. P. Foley, et al. Pathologic Variables and Recurrence Rates As Related to Obesity and Race in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 439 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Freedland, W. J. Aronson, C. J. Kane, J. C. Presti Jr, C. L. Amling, D. Elashoff, and M. K. Terris Impact of Obesity on Biochemical Control After Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: A Report by the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital Database Study Group J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2004; 22(3): 446 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Sabate The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 502S - 507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Willett Lessons from dietary studies in Adventists and questions for the future Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 539S - 543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shike, L. Latkany, E. Riedel, M. Fleisher, A. Schatzkin, E. Lanza, D. Corle, and C. B. Begg Lack of Effect of a Low-Fat, High-Fruit, -Vegetable, and -Fiber Diet on Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen of Men Without Prostate Cancer: Results From a Randomized Trial J. Clin. Oncol., September 1, 2002; 20(17): 3592 - 3598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q.-Y. Lu, J.-C. Hung, D. Heber, V. L. W. Go, V. E. Reuter, C. Cordon-Cardo, H. I. Scher, J. R. Marshall, and Z.-F. Zhang Inverse Associations between Plasma Lycopene and Other Carotenoids and Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., July 1, 2001; 10(7): 749 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rodriguez, A. V. Patel, E. E. Calle, E. J. Jacobs, A. Chao, and M. J. Thun Body Mass Index, Height, and Prostate Cancer Mortality in Two Large Cohorts of Adult Men in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2001; 10(4): 345 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. P. Connell, L. Ignacio, D. Haraf, A. M. Awan, H. Halpern, I. Abdalla, J. Nautiyal, A. B. Jani, R. R. Weichselbaum, and S. Vijayakumar Equivalent Racial Outcome After Conformal Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: A Single Departmental Experience J. Clin. Oncol., January 1, 2001; 19(1): 54 - 61. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Hsing, J. Deng, I. A. Sesterhenn, F. K. Mostofi, F. Z. Stanczyk, J. Benichou, T. Xie, and Y.-T. Gao Body Size and Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Case-Control Study in China Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1335 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Clarke and A. S. Whittemore Prostate Cancer Risk in Relation to Anthropometry and Physical Activity: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiological Follow-Up Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., September 1, 2000; 9(9): 875 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. N. Kolonel, J. H. Hankin, A. S. Whittemore, A. H. Wu, R. P. Gallagher, L. R. Wilkens, E. M. John, G. R. Howe, D. M. Dreon, D. W. West, et al. Vegetables, Fruits, Legumes and Prostate Cancer: A Multiethnic Case-Control Study Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2000; 9(8): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Cohen, A. R. Kristal, and J. L. Stanford Fruit and Vegetable Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, January 5, 2000; 92(1): 61 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. C Willett Convergence of philosophy and science: the Third International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 434S - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J Key, G. E Fraser, M. Thorogood, P. N Appleby, V. Beral, G. Reeves, M. L Burr, J. Chang-Claude, R. Frentzel-Beyme, J. W Kuzma, et al. Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 516S - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Bonkhoff, T. Fixemer, I. Hunsicker, and K. Remberger Estrogen Receptor Expression in Prostate Cancer and Premalignant Prostatic Lesions Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 1999; 155(2): 641 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Bosland, I. Oakley-Girvan, and A. S. Whittemore Dietary Fat, Calories, and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 489 - 491. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Mukherjee, A. V. Sotnikov, H. J. Mangian, J.-R. Zhou, W. J. Visek, and S. K. Clinton Energy Intake and Prostate Tumor Growth, Angiogenesis, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression J Natl Cancer Inst, March 17, 1999; 91(6): 512 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. N. Kolonel, A. M. Y. Nomura, and R. V. Cooney Dietary Fat and Prostate Cancer: Current Status J Natl Cancer Inst, March 3, 1999; 91(5): 414 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Hayes, R. G. Ziegler, G. Gridley, C. Swanson, R. S. Greenberg, G. M. Swanson, J. B. Schoenberg, D. T. Silverman, L. M. Brown, L. M. Pottern, et al. Dietary Factors and Risks for Prostate Cancer among Blacks and Whites in the United States Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 1999; 8(1): 25 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Clinton, A. L. Mulloy, S. P. Li, H. J. Mangian, and W. J. Visek Dietary Fat and Protein Intake Differ in Modulation of Prostate Tumor Growth, Prolactin Secretion and Metabolism, and Prostate Gland Prolactin Binding Capacity in Rats J. Nutr., February 1, 1997; 127(2): 225 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Browner, J. Westenhouse, and J. A. Tice What If Americans Ate Less Fat? A Quantitative Estimate of the Effect on Mortality JAMA, June 26, 1991; 265(24): 3285 - 3291. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. GARFINKEL Overweight and Cancer Ann Intern Med, December 1, 1985; 103(6_Part_2): 1034 - 1036. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|