American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 117, No. 6: 651-658
Copyright © 1983 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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CIGARETTE SMOKING, RELATIVE WEIGHT, AND MENOPAUSE
1Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, MA
2The Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, and the Department of Preventive Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA
3Currently, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Send reprint requests to Dr. Walter Willett, Channing Laboratory, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.
To examine the interrelationships of cigarette smoking, relative weight, and the occurrence of natural menopause, the authors prospectively evaluated the experience of 66, 663 female US registered nurses who were premenopausal in 1976. Over a two-year period, 5004 women became post-menopausal. Current smokers were more likely than past or never smokers to develop menopause, although the effects of smoking diminished with age. The rate ratios of menopause for current smokers vs. never smokers (with 95% confidence limits) for women aged 30–39, 40–44, 45–49, and 50–55 years were 1.90 (1.10–3.28), 2.16 (1.73–2.69), 1.53 (1.41–1.67), and 1.20 (1.12–1.28). These rate ratios were not appreciably affected by adjustment for relative weight. Median ages at menopause were 52.4 for never smokers and 51.9, 51.0, 50.7, and 50.4 years for women who currently smoked 1–14, 15–24, 25–34, and 35 or more cigarettes per day. A crude linear relationship between relative weight and occurrence of menopause was observed. Comparing the leanest and heaviest quintiles, rate ratios for menopause among women aged 30–39, 40–44, 45–49, and 50–55 years were 1.42 (0.74–2.75), 1.26 (0.95–1.69), 1.25 (1.13–1.41) and 1.08 (0.99–1.19). The effect of relative weight was in part explained by the tendency of current smokers to weigh less than nonsmokers. After adjustment for current cigarette consumption a weak linear relationship between relative weight and menopause remained among women who smoked, although no such association was seen among nonsmokers.
menopause; obesity; smoking
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F. Grodstein, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, M. Joffe, B. Rosner, C. Fuchs, S. E. Hankinson, D. J. Hunter, et al. Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Mortality N. Engl. J. Med., June 19, 1997; 336(25): 1769 - 1776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. M. Rexrode, C. H. Hennekens, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, J. W. Rich-Edwards, F. E. Speizer, and J. E. Manson A Prospective Study of Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Stroke in Women JAMA, May 21, 1997; 277(19): 1539 - 1545. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. C. Curhan, G. M. Chertow, W. C. Willett, D. Spiegelman, G. A. Colditz, J. E. Manson, F. E. Speizer, and M. J. Stampfer Birth Weight and Adult Hypertension and Obesity in Women Circulation, September 15, 1996; 94(6): 1310 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. Grodstein, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and C. H. Hennekens Postmenopausal Estrogen and Progestin Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease N. Engl. J. Med., August 15, 1996; 335(7): 453 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, S. E. Hankinson, C. H. Hennekens, and F. E. Speizer Body Weight and Mortality among Women N. Engl. J. Med., September 14, 1995; 333(11): 677 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, F. E. Speizer, and C. H. Hennekens Weight, Weight Change, and Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Risk Within the 'Normal' Weight Range JAMA, February 8, 1995; 273(6): 461 - 465. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. J. London, G. A. Colditz, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, B. Rosner, and F. E. Speizer Prospective Study of Relative Weight, Height, and Risk of Breast Cancer JAMA, November 24, 1989; 262(20): 2853 - 2858. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. M. Sacks, D. Ornish, E. H. Kass, and S. McLanahan Dietary Intake, the First Law of Thermodynamics, and the Properties of Yoga-Reply JAMA, March 7, 1986; 255(9): 1136 - 1137. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. M. Sacks, D. Ornish, B. Rosner, S. McLanahan, W. P. Castelli, and E. H. Kass Plasma Lipoprotein Levels in Vegetarians: The Effect of Ingestion of Fats From Dairy Products JAMA, September 13, 1985; 254(10): 1337 - 1341. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. McKINLAY, N. L. BIFANO, and J. B. McKINLAY Smoking and Age at Menopause in Women Ann Intern Med, September 1, 1985; 103(3): 350 - 356. [Abstract] [PDF]
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