American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 112, No. 6: 736-749
Copyright © 1980 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
other |
HEART RATE AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND MORTALITY: FINDINGS IN THREE CHICAGO EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
1 Dept. of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Northwestern U. Medical School 303 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611
2 Harvard Medical School Boston, MA
3 Dept. of Preventive Medicine, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Lukes Medical Center Chicago, IL.
1 Send reprint requests to Dr. Alan R. Dyer at this address
The associations between heart rate and death from the cardiovascular diseases (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and sudden death from CHD, along with death from all causes and non-cardiovascular causes, are examined for three groups of middle-aged white males: 1233 men aged 40–59 years followed for 15 years from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company study; 1899 men aged 40–55 years followed for 17 years from the Chicago Western Electric Company study; and 5784 men aged 45–64 years followed an average of five years from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. In univariate analyses, mortality from both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes generally increases with increasing heart rate. In bivariate analyses, using the Cox regression model to control for age, heart rate is significantly related to mortality from all causes in each study, with the associations again due to both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes. In multivariate Cox regression, controlling for age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarettes smoked per day and relative weight, heart rate is a significant risk factor for sudden CHD death and non-CVD death in two of the three studies, with the association with sudden death being U-shaped in one of the studies. Although heart rate may be an independent risk factor for sudden CHD death, the associations with other CVD death and non-sudden CHD death, in general, appear to be secondary to associations between heart rate and other cardiovascular risk factors.
coronary disease; death; death; sudden; heart rate; prospective studies
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Bangalore, F. H. Messerli, F.-S. Ou, J. Tamis-Holland, A. Palazzo, M. T. Roe, M. K. Hong, E. D. Peterson, and for the CRUSADE Investigators The association of admission heart rate and in-hospital cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from 135 164 patients in the CRUSADE quality improvement initiative Eur. Heart J., September 30, 2009; (2009) ehp397v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Williams, P. S. Lacy, and for the CAFE and the ASCOT (Anglo-Scandinavian Car Impact of heart rate on central aortic pressures and hemodynamics: analysis from the CAFE (Conduit Artery Function Evaluation) Study: CAFE-Heart Rate. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 18, 2009; 54(8): 705 - 713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Beddhu, S. U. Nigwekar, X. Ma, and T. Greene Associations of resting heart rate with insulin resistance, cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2009; 24(8): 2482 - 2488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Marroni, A. Pfeufer, Y. S. Aulchenko, C. S. Franklin, A. Isaacs, I. Pichler, S. H. Wild, B. A. Oostra, A. F. Wright, H. Campbell, et al. A Genome-Wide Association Scan of RR and QT Interval Duration in 3 European Genetically Isolated Populations: The EUROSPAN Project Circ Cardiovasc Genet, August 1, 2009; 2(4): 322 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Biel, C. Wahl-Schott, S. Michalakis, and X. Zong Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels: From Genes to Function Physiol Rev, July 1, 2009; 89(3): 847 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-C. Tardif Heart rate as a treatable cardiovascular risk factor Br. Med. Bull., June 1, 2009; 90(1): 71 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Hu, E. A. Oboukhova, S. Kumar, M. Sturek, and A. G. Obukhov Canonical Transient Receptor Potential Channels Expression Is Elevated in a Porcine Model of Metabolic Syndrome Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2009; 23(5): 689 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. L. Lujan, G. Palani, Y. Chen, J. D. Peduzzi, and S. E. DiCarlo Targeted ablation of cardiac sympathetic neurons reduces resting, reflex and exercise-induced sympathetic activation in conscious rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1305 - H1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Mente, E. J. Irvine, R. J. DA. Honey, and A. G. Logan Urinary Potassium Is a Clinically Useful Test to Detect a Poor Quality Diet J. Nutr., April 1, 2009; 139(4): 743 - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Kalaitzidis and G. Bakris Should nephrologists use beta-blockers? A perspective Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2009; 24(3): 701 - 702. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bangalore, S. Sawhney, and F. H. Messerli Relation of Beta-Blocker-Induced Heart Rate Lowering and Cardioprotection in Hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 28, 2008; 52(18): 1482 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Carney, B. Steinmeyer, K. E. Freedland, J. A. Blumenthal, P. K. Stein, W. A. Steinhoff, W. B. Howells, L. F. Berkman, L. L. Watkins, S. M. Czajkowski, et al. Nighttime Heart Rate and Survival in Depressed Patients Post Acute Myocardial Infarction Psychosom Med, September 1, 2008; 70(7): 757 - 763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Borer Heart rate: from risk marker to risk factor Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2008; 10(suppl_F): F2 - F6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Tardif The pivotal role of heart rate in clinical practice: from atherosclerosis to acute coronary syndrome Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2008; 10(suppl_F): F11 - F16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Zamorano Heart rate management: a therapeutic goal throughout the cardiovascular continuum Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2008; 10(suppl_F): F17 - F21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Mangoni and J. Nargeot Genesis and Regulation of the Heart Automaticity Physiol Rev, July 1, 2008; 88(3): 919 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A S Hall and S Palmer The heart rate hypothesis: ready to be tested Heart, May 1, 2008; 94(5): 561 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Carnethon, L. Yan, P. Greenland, D. B. Garside, A. R. Dyer, B. Metzger, and M. L. Daviglus Resting Heart Rate in Middle Age and Diabetes Development in Older Age Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(2): 335 - 339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cucherat Quantitative relationship between resting heart rate reduction and magnitude of clinical benefits in post-myocardial infarction: a meta-regression of randomized clinical trials Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2007; 28(24): 3012 - 3019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Spielmann, A. S. Leon, D. C. Rao, T. Rice, J. S. Skinner, T. Rankinen, and C. Bouchard Genome-wide linkage scan for submaximal exercise heart rate in the HERITAGE family study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): H3366 - H3371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Paterson, B. N. Rutledge, P. A. Cleary, J. M. Lachin, R. S. Crow, and for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/E The Effect of Intensive Diabetes Treatment on Resting Heart Rate in Type 1 Diabetes: The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study Diabetes Care, August 1, 2007; 30(8): 2107 - 2112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. A. Himburg, S. E. Dowd, and M. H. Friedman Frequency-dependent response of the vascular endothelium to pulsatile shear stress Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H645 - H653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cook, M. Togni, M. C. Schaub, P. Wenaweser, and O. M. Hess High heart rate: a cardiovascular risk factor? Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2006; 27(20): 2387 - 2393. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mozaffarian, R. J. Prineas, P. K. Stein, and D. S. Siscovick Dietary Fish and n-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Cardiac Electrocardiographic Parameters in Humans J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2006; 48(3): 478 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sumi, K. Chin, K. Takahashi, T. Nakamura, H. Matsumoto, A. Niimi, and M. Mishima Effect of nCPAP therapy on heart rate in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea QJM, August 1, 2006; 99(8): 545 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Black, L Murray, C Cardwell, G Davey Smith, and P McCarron Secular trends in heart rate in young adults, 1949 to 2004: analyses of cross sectional studies Heart, April 1, 2006; 92(4): 468 - 473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. P. Savonen, T. A. Lakka, J. A. Laukkanen, P. M. Halonen, T. H. Rauramaa, J. T. Salonen, and R. Rauramaa Heart rate response during exercise test and cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged men Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2006; 27(5): 582 - 588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mozaffarian, A. Geelen, I. A. Brouwer, J. M. Geleijnse, P. L. Zock, and M. B. Katan Effect of Fish Oil on Heart Rate in Humans: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Circulation, September 27, 2005; 112(13): 1945 - 1952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Tendera Editorial: If inhibition: from pure heart reduction to treatment of stable angina Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2005; 7(suppl_H): H3 - H6. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ferrari, G. Campo, E. Gardini, G. Pasanisi, and C. Ceconi Specific and selective If inhibition: expected clinical benefits from pure heart rate reduction in coronary patients Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2005; 7(suppl_H): H16 - H21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fox Future perspectives of If inhibition in various cardiac conditions Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2005; 7(suppl_H): H33 - H36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Steptoe, J. Wardle, and M. Marmot Positive affect and health-related neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes PNAS, May 3, 2005; 102(18): 6508 - 6512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Diaz, M. G. Bourassa, M.-C. Guertin, and J.-C. Tardif Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2005; 26(10): 967 - 974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Carney, K. E. Freedland, and R. C. Veith Depression, the Autonomic Nervous System, and Coronary Heart Disease Psychosom Med, May 1, 2005; 67(Supplement_1): S29 - S33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Geelen, I. A Brouwer, E. G Schouten, A. C Maan, M. B Katan, and P. L Zock Effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish on premature ventricular complexes and heart rate in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2005; 81(2): 416 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H C Routledge, J G Ayres, and J N Townend Why cardiologists should be interested in air pollution Heart, December 1, 2003; 89(12): 1383 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B.N. Singh Increased heart rate as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_G): G3 - G9. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.P. Vilaine, C. Thollon, N. Villenueve, and J.L. Peglion Procoralan, a new selective If current inhibitor Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_G): G26 - G35. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-C. Tardif, J. Gregoire, P.L. Lallier, and M. Joyal Chronic heart rate reduction with ivabradine and prevention of atherosclerosis progression assessed using intravascular ultrasound Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_G): G46 - G51. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Danchin If current inhibition with ivabradine: further perspectives Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2003; 5(suppl_G): G52 - G56. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Dallongeville, J. Yarnell, P. Ducimetiere, D. Arveiler, J. Ferrieres, M. Montaye, G. Luc, A. Evans, A. Bingham, B. Hass, et al. Fish Consumption Is Associated With Lower Heart Rates Circulation, August 19, 2003; 108(7): 820 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Palatini, L. Thijs, J. A. Staessen, R. H. Fagard, C. J. Bulpitt, D. L. Clement, P. W. de Leeuw, M. Jaaskivi, G. Leonetti, C. Nachev, et al. Predictive Value of Clinic and Ambulatory Heart Rate for Mortality in Elderly Subjects With Systolic Hypertension Arch Intern Med, November 11, 2002; 162(20): 2313 - 2321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Singh Diabetes, Heart Rate, and Mortality Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2002; 7(2): 117 - 129. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Seccareccia, F. Pannozzo, F. Dima, A. Minoprio, A. Menditto, C. Lo Noce, and S. Giampaoli Heart Rate as a Predictor of Mortality: The MATISS Project Am J Public Health, August 1, 2001; 91(8): 1258 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Jouven, M. Zureik, M. Desnos, C. Guerot, and P. Ducimetiere Resting heart rate as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in middle-aged men Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2001; 50(2): 373 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Kerber, E. O'Brien, K. R. Smith, and R. M. Cawthon Familial Excess Longevity in Utah Genealogies J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2001; 56(3): 130B - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Carney, K. E. Freedland, P. K. Stein, J. A. Skala, P. Hoffman, and A. S. Jaffe Change in Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability During Treatment for Depression in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Psychosom Med, September 1, 2000; 62(5): 639 - 647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Kristal-Boneh, H. Silber, G. Harari, and P. Froom The association of resting heart rate with cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality. Eight year follow-up of 3527 male Israeli employees (the CORDIS Study) Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2000; 21(2): 116 - 124. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Narkiewicz and V. K. Somers Interactive Effect of Heart Rate and Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity on Blood Pressure Circulation, December 21, 1999; 100(25): 2514 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Nelson, J. S. Kennedy, B. G. Pollock, F. Laghrissi-Thode, M. Narayan, M. S. Nobler, D. W. Robin, I. Gergel, J. McCafferty, and S. Roose Treatment of Major Depression With Nortriptyline and Paroxetine in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease Am J Psychiatry, July 1, 1999; 156(7): 1024 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Singh, M. G. Larson, C. J. O'Donnell, H. Tsuji, J. C. Evans, and D. Levy Heritability of Heart Rate Variability : The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, May 4, 1999; 99(17): 2251 - 2254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Laperche, D Logeart, A Cohen-Solal, and R Gourgon Potential interests of heart rate lowering drugs Heart, April 1, 1999; 81(4): 336 - 341. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Elhendy, R T van Domburg, J J Bax, P R Nierop, M L Geleijnse, M M Ibrahim, and J R T C Roelandt The functional significance of chronotropic incompetence during dobutamine stress test Heart, April 1, 1999; 81(4): 398 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger Sympathovagal balance: how should we measure it? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 1999; 276(4): H1273 - H1280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palatini, E. Casiglia, S. Julius, and A. C. Pessina High Heart Rate: A Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Death in Elderly Men Arch Intern Med, March 22, 1999; 159(6): 585 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Palatini, O. Vriz, S. Nesbitt, J. Amerena, S. Majahalme, M. Valentini, and S. Julius Parental Hyperdynamic Circulation Predicts Insulin Resistance in Offspring : The Tecumseh Offspring Study Hypertension, March 1, 1999; 33(3): 769 - 774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Alboni, M. Brignole, C. Menozzi, and S. Scarfo Is sinus bradycardia a factor facilitating overt heart failure? Eur. Heart J., February 2, 1999; 20(4): 252 - 255. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palatini Need for a Revision of the Normal Limits of Resting Heart Rate Hypertension, February 1, 1999; 33(2): 622 - 625. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Benetos, A. Rudnichi, F. Thomas, M. Safar, and L. Guize Influence of Heart Rate on Mortality in a French Population : Role of Age, Gender, and Blood Pressure Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 44 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. P. Roose, F. Laghrissi-Thode, J. S. Kennedy, J. C. Nelson, J. T. Bigger Jr, B. G. Pollock, A. Gaffney, M. Narayan, M. S. Finkel, J. McCafferty, et al. Comparison of Paroxetine and Nortriptyline in Depressed Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease JAMA, January 28, 1998; 279(4): 287 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Jasson, C. Medigue, P. Maison-Blanche, N. Montano, L. Meyer, C. Vermeiren, P. Mansier, P. Coumel, A. Malliani, and B. Swynghedauw Instant Power Spectrum Analysis of Heart Rate Variability During Orthostatic Tilt Using a Time-/Frequency-Domain Method Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3521 - 3526. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palatini, E. Casiglia, P. Pauletto, J. Staessen, N. Kaciroti, and S. Julius Relationship of Tachycardia With High Blood Pressure and Metabolic Abnormalities : A Study With Mixture Analysis in Three Populations Hypertension, November 1, 1997; 30(5): 1267 - 1273. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Ellestad Chronotropic Incompetence : The Implications of Heart Rate Response to Exercise (Compensatory Parasympathetic Hyperactivity?) Circulation, April 15, 1996; 93(8): 1485 - 1487. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J.L.M. Bernink, G. Prager, A. Schelling, and I. Kobrin Antihypertensive Properties of the Novel Calcium Antagonist Mibefradil (Ro 40-5967) : A New Generation of Calcium Antagonists? Hypertension, March 1, 1996; 27(3): 426 - 432. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Wannamethee, A. G. Shaper, P. W. Macfarlane, and M. Walker Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Death in Middle-Aged British Men Circulation, March 15, 1995; 91(6): 1749 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Sandvik, J. Erikssen, E. Thaulow, G. Erikssen, R. Mundal, and K. Rodahl Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Mortality among Healthy, Middle-Aged Norwegian Men N. Engl. J. Med., February 25, 1993; 328(8): 533 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. RICH, D. R. DANTZKER, S. M. AYRES, E. H. BERGOFSKY, B. H. BRUNDAGE, K. M. DETRE, A. P. FISHMAN, R. M. GOLDRING, B. M. GROVES, S. K. KOERNER, et al. Primary Pulmonary Hypertension: A National Prospective Study Ann Intern Med, August 1, 1987; 107(2): 216 - 223. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Grippo, J. A. Moffitt, and A. K. Johnson Cardiovascular alterations and autonomic imbalance in an experimental model of depression Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): R1333 - R1341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|