American Journal of Epidemiology Vol. 108, No. 3: 161-175
Copyright © 1978 by The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health
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PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AS AN INDEX OF HEART ATTACK RISK IN COLLEGE ALUMNI1
Reprint requests to Dr. Paffenbarger, Professor of Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, CA 94305.
Risk of first heart attack was found to be related Inversely to energy expenditure reported by 16,936 Harvard male alumni, aged 35–74 years, of whom 572 experienced heart attacks In 117,680 person-years of followup. Stairs climbed, blocks walked, strenuous sports played, and a composite physical activity Index all opposed risk. Men with Index below 2000 kilocalories per week were at 64% higher risk than classmates with higher Index. Adult exercise was Independent of other influences on heart attack risk, and peak exertion as strenuous sports play enhanced the effect of total energy expenditure. Notably, alumni physical activity supplanted student athleticism assessed in college 16–50 years earlier. If it Is postulated that varsity athlete status implies selective cardiovascular fitness, such selection alone Is insufficient to explain lower heart attack risk in later adult years. Ex-varsity athletes retained lower risk only If they maintained a high physical activity Index as alumni.
coronary disease; hypertension; kilocalories; obesity; physical fitness; smoking; sports
1 From the University of California School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, and Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
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I. Janssen, A. Fortier, R. Hudson, and R. Ross Effects of an Energy-Restrictive Diet With or Without Exercise on Abdominal Fat, Intermuscular Fat, and Metabolic Risk Factors in Obese Women Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 431 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Margolis, R. P. Kerani, P. McGovern, T. Songer, J. A. Cauley, and K. E. E. for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research G Risk Factors for Motor Vehicle Crashes in Older Women J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2002; 57(3): M186 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. M. Pinto, N. C. Maruyama, M. M. Clark, D. G. Cruess, E. Park, and M. Roberts Motivation to Modify Lifestyle Risk Behaviors in Women Treated for Breast Cancer Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2002; 77(2): 122 - 129. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 J. Harvey-Berino, S. J. Pintauro, and E. C. Gold The Feasibility of Using Internet Support for the Maintenance of Weight Loss Behav Modif, January 1, 2002; 26(1): 103 - 116. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. Chen, O. I. Bermudez, and K. L. Tucker Waist Circumference and Weight Change Are Associated With Disability Among Elderly Hispanics J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2002; 57(1): M19 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. A. Christou and L. G. Carlton Old Adults Exhibit Greater Motor Output Variability Than Young Adults Only During Rapid Discrete Isometric Contractions J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2001; 56(12): B524 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. C. Gallo, K. A. Matthews, L. H. Kuller, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, and D. Edmundowicz Educational Attainment and Coronary and Aortic Calcification in Postmenopausal Women Psychosom Med, November 1, 2001; 63(6): 925 - 935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. F. Fletcher, G. J. Balady, E. A. Amsterdam, B. Chaitman, R. Eckel, J. Fleg, V. F. Froelicher, A. S. Leon, I. L. Pina, R. Rodney, et al. Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1694 - 1740. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E Hardman Physical activity and health: current issues and research needs Int. J. Epidemiol., October 1, 2001; 30(5): 1193 - 1197. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. I. Barzilay, L. Abraham, S. R. Heckbert, M. Cushman, L. H. Kuller, H. E. Resnick, and R. P. Tracy The Relation of Markers of Inflammation to the Development of Glucose Disorders in the Elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study Diabetes, October 1, 2001; 50(10): 2384 - 2389. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 K. Raikkonen, K. A. Matthews, and L. H. Kuller Trajectory of Psychological Risk and Incident Hypertension in Middle-Aged Women Hypertension, October 1, 2001; 38(4): 798 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. M. Bengel, P. Ueberfuhr, N. Schiepel, S. G. Nekolla, B. Reichart, and M. Schwaiger Effect of Sympathetic Reinnervation on Cardiac Performance after Heart Transplantation N. Engl. J. Med., September 6, 2001; 345(10): 731 - 738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Yaffe, D. Barnes, M. Nevitt, L.-Y. Lui, and K. Covinsky A Prospective Study of Physical Activity and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Women: Women Who Walk Arch Intern Med, July 23, 2001; 161(14): 1703 - 1708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P McCarron, G D. Smith, M Okasha, and J McEwen Smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and mortality in later life: prospective observational study J Epidemiol Community Health, May 1, 2001; 55(5): 334 - 335. [Full Text]
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C. Barner, J. Wylie-Rosett, and K. Gans WAVE: A Pocket Guide for a Brief Nutrition Dialogue in Primary Care The Diabetes Educator, May 1, 2001; 27(3): 352 - 362. [PDF]
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C. D Gardner, K. A Newell, R. Cherin, and W. L Haskell The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 728 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Landis, M. J. Lentz, J. Rothermel, S. C. Riffle, D. Chapman, D. Buchwald, and J. L. F. Shaver Decreased Nocturnal Levels of Prolactin and Growth Hormone in Women with Fibromyalgia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2001; 86(4): 1672 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. F. Tate, R. R. Wing, and R. A. Winett Using Internet Technology to Deliver a Behavioral Weight Loss Program JAMA, March 7, 2001; 285(9): 1172 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Taaffe, T. B. Harris, L. Ferrucci, J. Rowe, and T. E. Seeman Cross-sectional and Prospective Relationships of Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein With Physical Performance in Elderly Persons: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 709M - 715. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. A. Marottoli, C. F. M. de Leon, T. A. Glass, C. S. Williams, L. M. Cooney Jr., and L. F. Berkman Consequences of Driving Cessation: Decreased Out-of-Home Activity Levels J. Gerontol. B. Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci., November 1, 2000; 55(6): 334S - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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L. Steffen-Batey, M. Z. Nichaman, D. C. Goff Jr, R. F. Frankowski, C. L. Hanis, D. J. Ramsey, and D. R. Labarthe Change in Level of Physical Activity and Risk of All-Cause Mortality or Reinfarction : The Corpus Christi Heart Project Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2204 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. D. Sesso, R. S. Paffenbarger Jr, and I-M. Lee Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease in Men : The Harvard Alumni Health Study Circulation, August 29, 2000; 102(9): 975 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I-M. Lee, H. D. Sesso, and R. S. Paffenbarger Jr Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Men : Does the Duration of Exercise Episodes Predict Risk? Circulation, August 29, 2000; 102(9): 981 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L Wolf, J. A Cauley, C. E Baker, R. E Ferrell, M. Charron, A. W Caggiula, L. M Salamone, R. P Heaney, and L. H Kuller Factors associated with calcium absorption efficiency in pre- and perimenopausal women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 466 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Wannamethee, A. G. Shaper, and K. G. M. M. Alberti Physical Activity, Metabolic Factors, and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Arch Intern Med, July 24, 2000; 160(14): 2108 - 2116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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